The Buddha shares the consequences of holding on to right views and acting upon them based on his direct knowledge.

“With a mind set on right intentions, and having spoken right speech; Having undertaken right actions with the body, a person here -

Venerable Sāriputta gives a detailed explanation of right view, the first factor of the noble eightfold path. At the prompting of the other bhikkhus, he approaches the topic from a wide range of perspectives.

"There might be, friends. When, friends, a noble disciple understands suffering, the origin of suffering, the ending of suffering, and the way of practice leading to the ending of suffering — to this extent, friends, a noble disciple possesses right view, his view straight, equipped with experiential confidence in the Dhamma, having arrived at this true Dhamma. What, friends, is suffering, what is the origin of suffering, what is the ending of suffering, what is the way of practice leading to the ending of suffering? Birth is suffering, aging is suffering, death is suffering; sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, and despair are suffering; association with the disliked is suffering, separation from the liked is suffering, not getting what one wants is also suffering; in brief, the five aggregates subject to |clinging::grasping/holding on| are suffering — this, friends, is called suffering. And what, friends, is the arising of suffering? It is this craving that leads to renewed |existence::continued conditional existence, the karmically conditioned mode of being that leads to future rebirth [bhava]|, accompanied by |delight::pleasure, enjoyment, relish [nandi]| and |passion::intense desire, strong emotion, infatuation, obsession, lust [rāga]|, i.e. |seeking delight here and there::thoroughly enjoying this and that [tatratatrābhinandī]|—namely, craving for sensual pleasure, |craving for becoming::craving for existence, craving for something to be [bhavataṇhā]|, and |craving for non-becoming::A craving to end suffering through erasure of current experience or identity, e.g. “This self is unbearable; I want out.” [vibhavataṇhā]| — this, friends, is called the arising of suffering. And what, friends, is the ending of suffering? It is the |complete fading away and ending::remainderless dispassion and cessation [asesavirāganirodha]| of that very craving, giving up of it, |relinquishing of it::abandoning of it, complete giving up of it [paṭinissagga]|, freedom from it, and |non-reliance on::non-attachment to [anālaya]| it — this, friends, is called the ending of suffering. And what, friends, is the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|? It is this very Noble Eightfold Path, namely: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and |right collectedness::stability of mind, stillness of mind, mental composure [samādhi]| — this, friends, is called the way of practice leading to the ending of suffering.

The Buddha explains to the brahmin Jāṇussoṇi how he overcame fright and dread while practicing seclusion in remote lodgings in the forests and woodlands, leading to the three true knowledges and full awakening.

Then, brahmin, it occurred to me: ‘Suppose that on specially auspicious nights of the fourteenth, the fifteenth, and the eighth of the lunar fortnight, what if I were to dwell in such terrifying and hair-raising places as park shrines, forest shrines, and tree shrines? Perhaps I might encounter that fright and dread.’ So, brahmin, later on, on such specially auspicious nights as the fourteenth, fifteenth, and eighth of the lunar fortnight, I dwelled in such terrifying and hair-raising places as park shrines, forest shrines, and tree shrines. And while I was dwelling there, brahmin, a wild animal would approach, or a peacock would knock off a branch, or the wind would rustle the fallen leaves. It occurred to me: ‘Surely this is that fright and dread coming?’ Then, brahmin, it occurred to me: ‘Why do I dwell always expecting fear? What if, when that fright and dread comes upon me while I am in a particular posture, I subdue that fright and dread while remaining in that very posture?’ So, brahmin, when that fright and dread came upon me while I was walking, I did not stand still or sit down or lie down; I subdued that fright and dread while still walking. When that fright and dread came upon me while I was standing, I did not start walking or sit down or lie down; I subdued that fright and dread while still standing. When that fright and dread came upon me while I was sitting, I did not lie down or stand up or start walking; I subdued that fright and dread while still sitting. When that fright and dread came upon me while I was lying down, I did not sit up or stand up or start walking; I subdued that fright and dread while still lying down.

The Buddha explains in detail each factor of the noble eightfold path—right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness.

And what, bhikkhus, is right view? That which, bhikkhus, is |wisdom::insight, knowing [ñāṇa]| of |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|, wisdom of the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|, wisdom of the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|, wisdom of the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|—this is called right view, bhikkhus.

The venerable Bhadda asks the venerable Ānanda about the right spiritual practice.

"This, friend, is the Noble Eightfold Path, which is the spiritual life. Namely: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness.

Approaching wrongness leads to failure, not success. Approaching rightness leads to success, not failure.

Conversely, bhikkhus, approaching rightness leads to success, not failure. How does this happen? For one with right view, right intention arises; for one with right intention, right speech arises; for one with right speech, right action arises; for one with right action, right livelihood arises; for one with right livelihood, right effort arises; for one with right effort, right mindfulness arises; for one with right mindfulness, right collectedness arises; for one with right collectedness, right wisdom arises; for one with right wisdom, true liberation arises. Thus, bhikkhus, approaching rightness leads to success, not failure."

Beings come together and associate according to disposition. Those with wrong views come together and associate with those with wrong views, and similar for the other eight factors. Those with right views come together and associate with those with right views, and similar for the other eight factors.

Those |with right views::with correct beliefs, correct concepts, correct opinions [sammādiṭṭhikā]| come together and associate with those with right views; those |with right intentions::with right notions, ideas, concepts [sammāsaṅkappā]| come together and associate with those with right intentions; those |with right speech::speaking rightly [sammāvācā]| come together and associate with those with right speech; those |with right actions::with right behavior [sammākammanta]| come together and associate with those with right actions; those |with right livelihood::having a right mode of living [sammāājīva]| come together and associate with those with right livelihood; those |with right effort::with correct endeavor [sammāvāyāma]| come together and associate with those with right effort; those |with right mindfulness::mindfulness that discerns the body, feelings, mind, and mental qualities clearly, grounded in diligent, non-forgetful attention to the present moment [sammāsati]| come together and associate with those with right mindfulness; those |with right collectedness::with perfect stability of mind, with correct mental composure [sammāsamādhi]| come together and associate with those with right collectedness."

The Buddha describes the three kinds of misconduct - by body, speech and mind.

“There are three kinds of misconduct, bhikkhus. Which three? |Bodily misconduct::killing living beings, harming others, theft, or sexual misconduct [kāyaduccarita]|, |verbal misconduct::false speech, harsh speech, divisive speech, idle chatter [vacīduccarita]|, and |mental misconduct::yearning with strong eagerness and desire, having ill will or hatred, delighting in harm [manoduccarita]|. These, bhikkhus, are the three kinds of misconduct.”

Dhammapada verses 306–319 warn of the suffering that follows false speech, misconduct, and wrong view. The verses highlight the danger of negligence, hypocrisy, and slack effort in spiritual practice. Those who cultivate right view, ethical conduct, and firm effort attain a good destination, while those who embrace wrong views and harmful actions fall into misery.

Accumulation of demerit and a bad destination, and brief is the pleasure of one who is frightened; For this, |authorities::king, ruler, government [rāja]| impose a heavy punishment, a man therefore should not get involved with another's partner.

One who engages in good conduct by body, speech, and mind is dear to themselves.

Then it occurred to me, venerable sir: "Those who engage in misconduct by body, speech, and mind; they are not dear to themselves. Even though they might say, 'We are dear to ourselves,' still, they are not dear to themselves. Why is that? Because whatever a person who is not dear to themselves would do to someone who is not dear to them, they do just that to themselves. Therefore, they are not dear to themselves.

The Noble Eightfold Path is the path and the way of practice for the realization of enlightenment.

"Friend, this Noble Eightfold Path itself is the way to realize enlightenment—namely: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness. This, friend, is the path; this is the way of practice for the realization of enlightenment."

Just as dawn precedes and predicts the rising of the sun, so too, for a bhikkhu, right view precedes and predicts the breakthrough to the Four Noble Truths as they really are.

For that bhikkhu, it is to be expected: 'He will understand, as it really is, this is |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|; he will understand, as it really is, this is the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|; he will understand, as it really is, this is the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|; he will understand, as it really is, this is the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|.'

The Uposatha, when observed endowed with the eight factors, of great fruit, of great benefit, superbly bright, and far-reaching. The eight factors are - 1) refraining from taking life, 2) refraining from taking what is not given, 3) refraining from sexual activity, 4) refraining from false speech, 5) refraining from intoxicants and states of negligence, 6) eating only one meal a day, 7) refraining from dancing, singing, music, and watching shows, and 8) refraining from high and luxurious beds.

4 'For as long as they live, the arahants, having abandoned false speech, refrain from false speech, are |truthful::honest [saccavādī]|, |adheres to truth::united with truth [saccasandha]|, trustworthy::honest, lit. stable [theta]|, |dependable::reliable [paccayika]|, and |do not deceive::to not break one's word, to keep one's promises [avisaṃvādaka]| the world. Today, for this night and day, I too, having abandoned false speech, will refrain from false speech, will be truthful, adhere to truth, will be trustworthy, dependable, and will not deceive the world. In this way, I shall follow the example of the arahants, and the Uposatha will be observed by me.' Thus, one is endowed with the fourth factor.

With wrong view, all actions lead to suffering. With right view, all actions lead to happiness. The Buddha explains this with an example of seeds.

Bhikkhus, for a person with right view, his right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right collectedness, right wisdom, and right liberation, as well as any bodily actions undertaken in accordance with his view, any verbal actions, any mental actions undertaken in accordance with his view, all intentions, desires, aspirations, and formations, all those phenomena lead to what is desirable, wanted, pleasant, beneficial, and happiness. What is the reason for this? Because, bhikkhus, his view is good.

The Buddha explains the fruit, benefit, brightness, and reach of observing the Uposatha endowed with the eight factors in detail.

4 'For as long as they live, the arahants, having abandoned false speech, refrain from false speech, are |truthful::honest [saccavādī]|, |adheres to truth::united with truth [saccasandha]|, trustworthy::honest, lit. stable [theta]|, |dependable::reliable [paccayika]|, and |do not deceive::to not break one's word, to keep one's promises [avisaṃvādaka]| the world. Today, for this night and day, I too, having abandoned false speech, will refrain from false speech, will be truthful, adhere to truth, will be trustworthy, dependable, and will not deceive the world. In this way, I shall follow the example of the arahants, and the Uposatha will be observed by me.' Thus, one is endowed with the fourth factor.

For a noble disciple endowed with right view, who understands the Four Noble Truths, the suffering that has been eradicated and exhausted is far greater than what little remains.

In the same way, bhikkhus, for a noble disciple, one endowed with right view, who has attained |full understanding::understanding the four noble truths in principle, then discerning them in each moment and then experientially penetrating them|, the suffering that has been eradicated and exhausted is indeed far greater, while what little remains is insignificant. It does not come close in comparison, does not approach in measure, does not even amount to a fraction when compared to the mass of suffering that has already been eradicated and exhausted. This refers to someone who is capable of at most seven more rebirths, who understands, as it truly is: 'This is |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|'; understands, as it truly is: 'This is the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|'; understands, as it truly is: 'This is the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|'; and understands, as it truly is: 'This is the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|.'

Dhammapada verses 221-234 emphasize abandoning anger, conceit, and mental defilements while cultivating restraint in body, speech, and mind. The verses highlight overcoming harmful actions by giving and speaking truth, the inevitability of criticism, and the value of moral discipline. Those intent on Nibbāna, ever watchful, and well-restrained are beyond reproach and honored even by the gods.

One should guard against |irritability in speech::being agitated when speaking, using harmful speech [vacīpakopa]|, be restrained in speech; Having abandoned |verbal misconduct::false speech, harsh speech, divisive speech, idle chatter [vacīduccarita]|, one should practice good conduct in speech.

Beings come together and associate according to disposition. Those with wrong views come together and associate with those with wrong views, and similar for the other eight factors. Those with right views come together and associate with those with right views, and similar for the other eight factors.

Those |with right views::with correct beliefs, correct concepts, correct opinions [sammādiṭṭhikā]| come together and associate with those with right views; those |with right intentions::with right notions, ideas, concepts [sammāsaṅkappā]| come together and associate with those with right intentions; those |with right speech::speaking rightly [sammāvācā]| come together and associate with those with right speech; those |with right actions::with right behavior [sammākammanta]| come together and associate with those with right actions; those |with right livelihood::having a right mode of living [sammāājīva]| come together and associate with those with right livelihood; those |with right effort::with correct endeavor [sammāvāyāma]| come together and associate with those with right effort; those |with right mindfulness::mindfulness that discerns the body, feelings, mind, and mental qualities clearly, grounded in diligent, non-forgetful attention to the present moment [sammāsati]| come together and associate with those with right mindfulness; those |with right collectedness::with perfect stability of mind, with correct mental composure [sammāsamādhi]| come together and associate with those with right collectedness; those with |right wisdom::with right discernment, with correct understanding [sammāñāṇī]| come together and associate with those with right wisdom; those with |right liberation::with right release, with right freedom [sammāvimuttī]| come together and associate with those with right liberation."

The Buddha contrasts the suffering experienced by gods and humans, who delight in impermanent sense objects, with the contentment of the Tathāgata who understands their true nature, highlighting the differing views of happiness held by the world and the Noble Ones.

Bhikkhus, gods and humans delight in |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]|, are fond of sounds, rejoice in sounds. With the change, fading away, and ending of sounds, gods and humans dwell in suffering.

Dhammapada verses 360–382 depict the ideal bhikkhu as one who restrains the senses, body, speech, and mind, leading to freedom from suffering. Emphasis is placed on mindfulness, inner joy, collectedness, and self-reliance. Through discipline and reflection, the bhikkhu advances towards the peace of Nibbāna, shining like the moon freed from clouds.

A bhikkhu who is restrained in speech, who speaks wisely, who is |unruffled::not agitated, not arrogant, not pompous [anuddhata]|; Who clarifies both benefit and the |Dhamma::teachings of the Buddha that point to the nature of reality, the ultimate truth [dhamma]|, his speech is truly sweet.

The Buddha expounds the noble right collectedness complete with its supporting conditions, clarifying how the factors of the noble eightfold path give rise to either mundane or supramundane fruits. He shows how right view leads to the sequential development of the path, culminating in right knowledge and right liberation.

In this matter, bhikkhus, right view comes first. And how does right view come first? For one possessing right view, right intention arises; for one possessing right intention, right speech arises; for one possessing right speech, right action arises; for one possessing right action, right livelihood arises; for one possessing right livelihood, right effort arises; for one possessing right effort, right mindfulness arises; for one possessing right mindfulness, right collectedness arises; for one possessing right collectedness, |right knowledge::perfect understanding [sammāñāṇa]| arises; for one possessing right knowledge, right liberation arises. Thus, bhikkhus, the path of the disciple in higher training is endowed with eight factors, the arahant is endowed with ten factors. And there, it is seen with right knowledge that the multitude of harmful, unwholesome qualities has disappeared, thus reaching |full development by cultivation::maturity by development, fulfillment by meditation [bhāvanāpāripūri]|.

A series of questions and answers between Venerable Sāriputta and Venerable Mahākoṭṭhika on clarifying subtle yet important aspects of the teachings. Topics covered include wisdom, consciousness, felt experience, perception, purified mind-consciousness, right view, existence, first jhāna, the five faculties, vital formations, and the release of the mind.

"'One does not discern, one does not discern,' friend, that is why one is called undiscerning. And what |does one not discern::does not clearly distinguish, does not understand [nappajānāti]|? One does not discern: 'This is |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|.' One does not discern: 'This is the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|.' One does not discern: 'This is the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|.' One does not discern: 'This is the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|.' 'One does not discern, one does not discern,' friend, that is why one is called undiscerning."

A bhikkhu who develops and cultivates the Noble Eightfold Path slants, slopes, and inclines towards Nibbāna.

And how does a bhikkhu who develops and extensively cultivates the Noble Eightfold Path slant, slope, and incline towards Nibbāna? Here, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu develops right view |dependent on seclusion::supported by detachment, by means of disengagement [vivekanissita]|, |supported by dispassion::based on fading of desire [virāganissita]|, |based on ending::supported by cessation [nirodhanissita]|, |culminating in complete relinquishment::ripening in release, culminating in letting go [vossaggapariṇāmī]|; similarly he develops right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness, dependent on seclusion, supported by dispassion, based on ending, culminating in complete relinquishment. It is in this way, bhikkhus, that a bhikkhu who develops and extensively cultivates the Noble Eightfold Path slants, slopes, and inclines towards Nibbāna."

The Buddha teaches about integrity, gratitude, how one can repay one's parents, action and non-action, who to make offerings to, persons who are internally or externally fettered, and the importance of right practice and well grasp of the Dhamma. The chapter gets its name from the [AN 2.36](/an2.36) discourse.

Bhikkhus, I praise the right practice of two kinds of people: a layperson and one gone forth. Whether a layperson or one gone forth, if they are practicing rightly, due to the reason of right practice, they attain the true way, the Dhamma that is wholesome."

Good friendship is greatly beneficial for the arising, development and extensive cultivation of the Noble Eightfold Path.

And how, bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu with good friends develop and extensively cultivate the Noble Eightfold Path? Here, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu develops right view |dependent on seclusion::supported by detachment, by means of disengagement [vivekanissita]|, |supported by dispassion::based on fading of desire [virāganissita]|, |based on ending::supported by cessation [nirodhanissita]|, |culminating in complete relinquishment::ripening in release, culminating in letting go [vossaggapariṇāmī]|; similarly he develops right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness, dependent on seclusion, supported by dispassion, based on ending, culminating in complete relinquishment. It is in this way, bhikkhus, that a bhikkhu with good friends develops and extensively cultivates the Noble Eightfold Path.

The Buddha explains the importance of good friendship in the development and cultivation of the noble eightfold path.

How, bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu with good friends develop and extensively cultivate the noble eightfold path? Here, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu develops right view |dependent on seclusion::supported by detachment, by means of disengagement [vivekanissita]|, |supported by dispassion::based on fading of desire [virāganissita]|, |based on ending::supported by cessation [nirodhanissita]|, |culminating in complete relinquishment::ripening in release, culminating in letting go [vossaggapariṇāmī]|; similarly he develops right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness, dependent on seclusion, supported by dispassion, based on ending, culminating in complete relinquishment. It is in this way, bhikkhus, that a bhikkhu with good friends develops and extensively cultivates the noble eightfold path."

The Buddha explains the importance of accomplishment in wise attention in the development and cultivation of the noble eightfold path.

And how, bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu accomplished in careful attention develop and extensively cultivate the noble eightfold path? Here, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu develops right view |dependent on seclusion::supported by detachment, by means of disengagement [vivekanissita]|, |supported by dispassion::based on fading of desire [virāganissita]|, |based on ending::supported by cessation [nirodhanissita]|, |culminating in complete relinquishment::ripening in release, culminating in letting go [vossaggapariṇāmī]|; similarly he develops right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness, dependent on seclusion, supported by dispassion, based on ending, culminating in complete relinquishment. Thus indeed, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu accomplished in wise attention and careful attending develops and extensively cultivates the noble eightfold path."

The Noble Eightfold Path is the path and the way for the realization of Nibbāna.

"This very Noble Eightfold Path, friend, is the path, this is the way for the realization of this Nibbāna, namely — right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right collectedness. This, friend, is the path, this is the way for the realization of this Nibbāna."

The noble eightfold path is the spiritual life. The fruits of the spiritual life are stream-entry, once-returning, non-returning, and arahantship.

"What, bhikkhus, is the |spiritual life::ascetic life, monkhood [sāmañña]|? It is this noble eightfold path; that is, right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right |collectedness::stability of mind, stillness of mind, mental composure [samādhi]|. This is called the spiritual life.

The Buddha describes the eight ways in which a woman binds a man.

1) A woman binds a man with crying; 2) A woman binds a man with |laughter::smile [hasita]|; 3) A woman binds a man with |talk::speech [bhaṇita]|; 4) A woman binds a man with |deportment::conduct, behavior [ākappa]|; 5) A woman binds a man with a |gift::a present such as flowers or fruits, lit. broken off from the wood [vanabhaṅga]|; 6) A woman binds a man with |scent::fragrance [gandha]|; 7) A woman binds a man with |taste::flavor [rasa]|; 8) A woman binds a man with touch.

The Buddha describes the eight ways in which a man binds a woman.

1) A man binds a woman with crying; 2) A man binds a woman with |laughter::smile [hasita]|; 3) A man binds a woman with |talk::speech [bhaṇita]|; 4) A man binds a woman with |deportment::conduct, behavior [ākappa]|; 5) A man binds a woman with a |gift::a present such as flowers or fruits, lit. broken off from the wood [vanabhaṅga]|; 6) A man binds a woman with |scent::fragrance [gandha]|; 7) A man binds a woman with |taste::flavor [rasa]|; 8) A man binds a woman with touch.

When Sāriputta says that good friendship is the whole of the spiritual life, the Buddha agrees, explaining that good friendship is the basis for the development of the Noble Eightfold Path.

Here, Sāriputta, a bhikkhu develops right view |dependent on seclusion::supported by detachment, by means of disengagement [vivekanissita]|, |supported by dispassion::based on fading of desire [virāganissita]|, |based on ending::supported by cessation [nirodhanissita]|, |culminating in complete relinquishment::ripening in release, culminating in letting go [vossaggapariṇāmī]|; similarly he develops right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness, dependent on seclusion, supported by dispassion, based on ending, culminating in complete relinquishment. Thus indeed, Sāriputta, a bhikkhu with good friends, companions, and associates develops and cultivates the Noble Eightfold Path extensively.

The Buddha shares a simile of a water pot without a stand being easily knocked over, and likens it to a mind without support.

And what, bhikkhus, is the support for the mind? It is this very Noble Eightfold Path, namely: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness. This is the support for the mind.

The Buddha explains the importance of accomplishment in virtue, aspiration, self-development, view, and diligence in the development and cultivation of the noble eightfold path.

And how, bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu who is accomplished in virtue develop and extensively cultivate the Noble Eightfold Path? Here, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu develops right view |dependent on seclusion::supported by detachment, by means of disengagement [vivekanissita]|, |supported by dispassion::based on fading of desire [virāganissita]|, |based on ending::supported by cessation [nirodhanissita]|, |culminating in complete relinquishment::ripening in release, culminating in letting go [vossaggapariṇāmī]|; similarly he develops right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness, dependent on seclusion, supported by dispassion, based on ending, culminating in complete relinquishment. It is in this way, bhikkhus, that a bhikkhu who is accomplished in virtue develops and extensively cultivates the Noble Eightfold Path."

When Ānanda says that good friendship is half of the spiritual life, the Buddha corrects him, saying that it is the whole of the spiritual life. The Buddha explains that good friendship is the basis for the development of the Noble Eightfold Path.

And how, Ānanda, does a bhikkhu with good friends, companions, and associates develop and extensively cultivate the Noble Eightfold Path? Here, Ānanda, a bhikkhu develops right view |dependent on seclusion::supported by detachment, by means of disengagement [vivekanissita]|, |supported by dispassion::based on fading of desire [virāganissita]|, |based on ending::supported by cessation [nirodhanissita]|, |culminating in complete relinquishment::ripening in release, culminating in letting go [vossaggapariṇāmī]|; similarly he develops right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness, dependent on seclusion, supported by dispassion, based on ending, culminating in complete relinquishment. It is in this way, Ānanda, that a bhikkhu with good friends, companions, and associates develops and extensively cultivates the Noble Eightfold Path.

The young deity Kassapa, on Buddha's invitation, shares a verse on the instruction for a bhikkhu.

This is what the young deity Kassapa said, the teacher approved. Then the young deity Kassapa, thinking, “The Teacher has approved of me,” paid homage to the Blessed One and, keeping him on the right, he disappeared right there.

The Four Noble Truths are actual, unchanging, and not otherwise; therefore, they are called the Noble Truths.

"Bhikkhus, there are these Four Noble Truths. What four? The Noble Truth of |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|, the Noble Truth of the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|, the Noble Truth of the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|, the Noble Truth of the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|.

The Buddha uses similes of a building with the peaked roof, fragrances, and regional kings to illustrate the importance of diligence in developing the Noble Eightfold Path.

And how, bhikkhus, does a diligent bhikkhu develop and extensively cultivate the Noble Eightfold Path? Here, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu develops right view |dependent on seclusion::supported by detachment, by means of disengagement [vivekanissita]|, |supported by dispassion::based on fading of desire [virāganissita]|, |based on ending::supported by cessation [nirodhanissita]|, |culminating in complete relinquishment::ripening in release, culminating in letting go [vossaggapariṇāmī]|; similarly he develops right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness, dependent on seclusion, supported by dispassion, based on ending, culminating in complete relinquishment. It is in this way, bhikkhus, that a diligent bhikkhu develops and extensively cultivates the Noble Eightfold Path."

The Buddha explains the greater precipice of delighting in intentional constructs leading to rebirth, aging, death, and sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, and despair, resulting from not understanding the Four Noble Truths.

"Whatever ascetics or brahmins who do not understand as it truly is, 'This is |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|,' who do not understand as it truly is, 'This is the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|,' who do not understand as it truly is, 'This is the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|,' and who do not understand as it truly is, 'This is the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|,' they delight in |intentional constructs::intentions, volitions, and choices expressed as mental, verbal, and bodily activities; thought formations and constructed experiences (including proliferative tendencies); processes that produce kamma [saṅkhāra]|leading to rebirth, in intentional constructs leading to aging, in intentional constructs leading to death, and in intentional constructs leading to sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, and despair. Delighting in intentional constructs leading to rebirth, aging, death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, and despair, they choose to act on these intentional constructs. Having acted on these intentional constructs leading to rebirth, aging, death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, and despair, they fall into the precipice of rebirth, the precipice of aging, the precipice of death, and the precipice of sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, and despair. They do not escape from birth, aging, death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, and despair. I say, 'They do not escape from suffering.'

Diligence should be practiced in four areas - in abandoning bodily, verbal, and mental misconduct, and wrong view.

2 Abandon |verbal misconduct::false speech, harsh speech, divisive speech, idle chatter [vacīduccarita]| and develop good verbal conduct; do not be negligent in this.

The five higher fetters - 1) Passion for worldly existence, 2) passion for formless existence, 3) conceit, 4) restlessness, and 5) ignorance - are described in brief. The Noble Eightfold Path is the way for direct knowledge, full understanding, complete exhaustion, and giving up of these five higher fetters.

For the |direct knowledge::experiential understanding [abhiññāya]|, |full understanding::complete comprehension [pariññāya]|, |complete exhaustion::gradual and complete wearing away [parikkhaya]|, and for |giving up::letting go, abandoning [pahāna]| of these five higher fetters, the Noble Eightfold Path |should be cultivated::should be developed [bhāvetabbo]|. What is the Noble Eightfold Path? Here, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu develops right view |dependent on seclusion::supported by detachment, by means of disengagement [vivekanissita]|, |supported by dispassion::based on fading of desire [virāganissita]|, |based on ending::supported by cessation [nirodhanissita]|, |culminating in complete relinquishment::ripening in release, culminating in letting go [vossaggapariṇāmī]|; similarly he develops right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness, dependent on seclusion, supported by dispassion, based on ending, culminating in complete relinquishment.

A person who has done good, has done what is wholesome, has protected others from fear, has not done evil, has not done cruelty, and has not done misdeeds, does not feel remorse.

“Bhikkhus, there are these two |mental qualities::characteristics, traits, and tendencies of the mind, shaped by repeated actions and sustained attention, guided by particular ways of understanding; they may be wholesome or unwholesome, bright or dark [dhammā]| that do not cause remorse. What are the two? Here, bhikkhus, a certain person has done good, has done what is |wholesome::healthy, beneficial, useful [kusala]|, has protected others from fear, has not done evil, has not done cruelty, and has not done misdeeds. He does not feel remorse thinking, 'I have done what is good,' and he does not feel remorse thinking, 'I have not done what is evil.' Bhikkhus, these are the two mental qualities that do not cause remorse.”

The Buddha describes the Four Noble Truths in brief.

"These four things, bhikkhus, are true, unerring, and not otherwise. What four? 'This is |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|,' bhikkhus, this is true, this is unerring, this is not otherwise; 'This is the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|,' this is true, this is unerring, this is not otherwise; 'This is the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|,' this is true, this is unerring, this is not otherwise; 'This is the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|,' this is true, this is unerring, this is not otherwise. These, bhikkhus, are the four truths that are true, unerring, and not otherwise.

The Arahants of the past, present, and future have truly understood the Four Noble Truths.

"Whether in the past, present, or future, bhikkhus, all those arahants and Perfectly Awakened Ones have truly understood the four noble truths as they really are. And what are these four? The Noble Truth of |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|, the Noble Truth of the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|, the Noble Truth of the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|, the Noble Truth of the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|. Just as those in the past have fully understood these truths, so will those in the future, and so do those in the present.

The elephant's footprint is considered the foremost because of its size. In the same way, whatever wholesome qualities there are, they are all rooted in diligence, and they meet together in diligence; diligence is considered the foremost among the qualities.

And how, bhikkhus, does a diligent bhikkhu develop and extensively cultivate the Noble Eightfold Path? Here, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu develops right view |dependent on seclusion::supported by detachment, by means of disengagement [vivekanissita]|, |supported by dispassion::based on fading of desire [virāganissita]|, |based on ending::supported by cessation [nirodhanissita]|, |culminating in complete relinquishment::ripening in release, culminating in letting go [vossaggapariṇāmī]|; similarly he develops right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness, dependent on seclusion, supported by dispassion, based on ending, culminating in complete relinquishment. It is in this way, bhikkhus, that a diligent bhikkhu develops and extensively cultivates the Noble Eightfold Path."

Cultivating collectedness leads to discerning the Four Noble Truths.

'This is |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|,' he discerns as it truly is; 'This is the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|,' he discerns as it truly is; 'This is the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|,' he discerns as it truly is; 'This is the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|,' he discerns as it truly is.

The Buddha asks Sāriputta about the four factors of stream-entry, what the stream is, and who is a stream-enterer.

"Just this, venerable sir, is the stream, namely the Noble Eightfold Path: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right |collectedness::sammāsamādhi|."

Verses on the way of practice to peace through the cultivation of loving-kindness for all beings without an exception and at all times whether one is standing, walking, sitting, or lying down.

This should be done by one who is skilled in goodness, And understands the path to peace: Let them be able, upright and approachable, Gentle in speech, humble in deeds, and free of conceit.

In the world with its |deities::gods [devas]|, |Māras::demons, tempters, beings of delusion|, |Brahmas::Gods; celestial beings residing in the Brahmā realms, often considered to be highly refined and long-lived deities. [brahmā]|, its ascetics and brahmins, kings and commoners, the Tathāgata is noble; therefore, these are called the Noble Truths.

"Bhikkhus, there are these Four Noble Truths. What four? The Noble Truth of |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|, the Noble Truth of the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|, the Noble Truth of the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|, the Noble Truth of the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|.

The five cords of sensual pleasure are described in brief. The Noble Eightfold Path is the way for direct knowledge, full understanding, complete exhaustion, and giving up of these five cords of sensual pleasure.

“Bhikkhus, there are these five cords of sensual pleasure. What five? 1) |Forms::visible objects such as beautiful sights, faces, expressions, art, ornaments, possessions, status symbols, admired appearances, enticing scenery, or objects of desire and attachment [rūpe]| cognizable by the eye that are desirable, lovely, agreeable, pleasing, sensual, and |enticing::arousing, tantalizing [rajanīya]|, 2) |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]| cognizable by the ear that are desirable, lovely, agreeable, pleasing, sensual, and enticing, 3) |odors::smells and fragrances experienced through the nose, including perfumes, flowers, food aromas, earth after rain, incense, or even stench—any olfactory experience that may evoke craving, aversion, nostalgia, comfort, or sensual pleasure [gandhā]| cognizable by the nose that are desirable, lovely, agreeable, pleasing, sensual, and enticing, 4) |tastes::flavors experienced through the tongue such as sweetness, bitterness, sourness, saltiness, spiciness, richness, or subtle tastes like umami or astringency—any gustatory experience that can become an object of craving, indulgence, comfort, or sensory delight [rasā]| cognizable by the tongue that are desirable, lovely, agreeable, pleasing, sensual, and enticing, and 5) |tangible objects::tangible contact such as the feel of skin, warmth, softness, intimacy, physical affection, or sensations like massage, breath, water, air, pressure—anything felt through the body that can become an object of desire, arousal, comfort, or emotional attachment [phoṭṭhabba]| cognizable by the body that are desirable, lovely, agreeable, pleasing, sensual, and enticing. These are the five cords of sensual pleasure.

Ignorance is the forerunner in the arising of unwholesome qualities, and wisdom is the forerunner in the arising of wholesome qualities.

"Wisdom, bhikkhus, is the forerunner in the arising of wholesome qualities, with a |sense of shame and fear of wrongdoing::conscience and concern, respect for oneself and others [hirottappa]| following along. For one who has arrived at wisdom, bhikkhus, right view arises; for one with right view, right intention arises; for one with right intention, right speech arises; for one with right speech, right action arises; for one with right action, right livelihood arises; for one with right livelihood, right effort arises; for one with right effort, right mindfulness arises; for one with right mindfulness, right collectedness arises."

The wearing away of the mental defilements for is one who knows and sees the Four Noble Truths.

'This is the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|,' by knowing and seeing this, the wearing away of the mental defilements occurs. Thus, bhikkhus, for one who knows in this way and sees in this way, the wearing away of the mental defilements occurs.

Just as a stick thrown into the air sometimes lands on its base and sometimes on its tip, beings, obstructed by ignorance and fettered by craving, continue to run and wander in this cycle of existence.

And what are these four? The Noble Truth of |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|, the Noble Truth of the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|, the Noble Truth of the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|, the Noble Truth of the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|.

Dhammapada verses 273–289 emphasize the eightfold path as the foremost way to liberation, seeing the impermanent, unsatisfactory, and not-self nature of all things. Further, the verses mention the relation of meditation and wisdom, They mention restraint, how wisdom through meditation, on cutting off the forest as well as the undergrowth, and making swift effort to purify by the way of practice leading to Nibbāna.

One who |fails to rise up::does not make an effort [anuṭṭhahāna]| at the right time for making effort, though young and strong, overcome by |laziness::idleness [ālasiya]|; With a mind weighed down by |despondent::downcast [saṃsanna]| thoughts, sluggish in action, such an indolent person does not find the path to wisdom.

Dhammapada verses 129-145 explore the themes of non-violence, the consequences of harmful actions, and the importance of self-discipline. Through metaphors of a broken gong, a well-trained horse, and skilled artisans, the verses emphasize that true purification comes not from external austerities but from inner restraint, mindfulness, and ethical conduct. The inevitability of death and the suffering caused by harming others are highlighted alongside the rewards of peace and wisdom for those who cultivate virtuous behavior.

Do not speak |harshly::severely, sharply [pharusa]| to anyone, for if spoken to, they might respond to you; Indeed, |angry words::quarrelsome speech, argumentative talk [sārambhakathā]| bring suffering, and retaliation may |affect::harm, impact [phuseyyu]| you.

The Buddha expresses an inspired utterance about the qualities of a person who falls under the sway of Māra and of one who overcomes all bad destinations.

Therefore, with a guarded mind, being in the domain of |right intention::with correct intention, having right volition, with correct notion [sammāsaṅkappa]|; Led by |right view::view that is in line with the Dhamma - teachings of the Buddha that point to the nature of reality, the ultimate truth [sammādiṭṭhi]|, Having known |arising and passing away::appearance and disappearance, formation and dissolution [udayabbaya]|; The bhikkhu who masters dullness and drowsiness, abandons all bad destinations.”

The Buddha's first discourse to the group of five bhikkhus at the Deer Park in Isipatana, near Varanasi. The discourse explains the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path in brief. It ends with the realization of the first bhikkhu, Venerable Kondañña.

And what, bhikkhus, is the Middle Way awakened to by the Tathāgata, which gives rise to vision, gives rise to knowledge, leads to peace, to directly knowing, to enlightenment, to Nibbāna? It is this Noble Eightfold Path, namely: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right collectedness. This, bhikkhus, is the Middle Way awakened to by the Tathāgata, which gives rise to vision, gives rise to knowledge, leads to peace, to directly knowing, to enlightenment, to Nibbāna.

Do not think harmful and unwholesome thoughts. When you do think, think about suffering, the arising of suffering, the ending of suffering, and the way of practice leading to the ending of suffering.

But, bhikkhus, when you do think, you should think: 'This is |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|'; you should think: 'This is the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|'; you should think: 'This is the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|'; you should think: 'This is the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|.' What is the reason for this? Bhikkhus, these thoughts are connected with benefit, they are essential to the spiritual life, they lead to disenchantment, to the fading of desire, to gradual ending, to tranquility, to directly knowing, to full awakening, to Nibbāna.

The Buddha explains the urgency of understanding the Four Noble Truths to end suffering with a simile of extinguishing a fire on one's clothes or head.

And what are these four? The Noble Truth of |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|, the Noble Truth of the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|, the Noble Truth of the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|, the Noble Truth of the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|.

Dhammapada verses 90-99 describe the qualities and conduct of the Arahant, a fully awakened being who has reached the end of the path. Free from defilements and clinging, their actions leave no trace, like birds in the sky. At peace and delighting in solitude, wherever they dwell becomes a place of beauty.

His mind is peaceful, and peaceful are his speech and actions; Of one fully liberated by perfect understanding, of the tranquil and unshakeable one.

The Noble Truth of suffering should be fully understood, the Noble Truth of the arising of suffering should be abandoned, the Noble Truth of the ending of suffering should be personally experienced, and the Noble Truth of the way of practice leading to the ending of suffering should be developed.

"Bhikkhus, there are these four noble truths. What four? The Noble Truth of |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|, the Noble Truth of the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|, the Noble Truth of the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|, the Noble Truth of the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|. These, bhikkhus are the Four Noble Truths.

Whether in the past, future, or present, all fully awakened to things as they truly are do so by fully awakening to the Four Noble Truths.

What are the four? The Noble Truth of |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|, the Noble Truth of the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|, the Noble Truth of the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|, the Noble Truth of the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|. Bhikkhus, whatever ascetics or brahmins in the past fully awakened to things as they truly are, all of them fully awakened to these Four Noble Truths as they truly are. Whatever ascetics or brahmins in the future fully awaken to things as they truly are, all of them will fully awaken to these Four Noble Truths as they truly are. Whatever ascetics or brahmins at present fully awaken to things as they truly are, all of them fully awaken to these Four Noble Truths as they truly are.

The Buddha describes the wandering in samsara due to not fully understanding and penetrating the Four Noble Truths.

What are these four? It is because of not fully understanding and not penetrating the noble truth of |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|, bhikkhus, that both you and I have run and wandered this long course of samsara, for a very long time. It is because of not fully understanding and not penetrating the noble truth of the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|, the noble truth of the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|, and the noble truth of the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|, that both you and I have run and wandered this long course of cyclic existence, for a very long time. But now, bhikkhus, having fully understood and penetrated the noble truth of suffering, the noble truth of the arising of suffering, the noble truth of the ending of suffering, and the noble truth of the way of practice leading to the ending of suffering; the craving for existence is severed, the entanglement of becoming is destroyed; there is no more rebirth."

The Buddha shares on the difficulty of regaining human existence for an undiscerning person who has fallen into a lower realm.

For what reason? Because, bhikkhus, there is no practice of the Dhamma, no wholesome conduct, no doing of wholesome actions, no performance of meritorious deeds in those lower realms. There, bhikkhus, beings devour one another, and the weaker are prey to the stronger. For what reason? Because, bhikkhus, they have not seen the Four Noble Truths. What four? The noble truth of |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|, the noble truth of the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|, the noble truth of the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|, and the noble truth of the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|.

Whether in the past, future, or present, all fully awakened to things as they truly are do so by fully awakening to the Four Noble Truths and making them known.

What are the four? The Noble Truth of |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|, the Noble Truth of the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|, the Noble Truth of the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|, the Noble Truth of the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|. Bhikkhus, whatever ascetics or brahmins in the past fully awakened to things as they truly are, all of them fully awakened to these Four Noble Truths as they truly are and made them known. Whatever ascetics or brahmins in the future fully awaken to things as they truly are, all of them will fully awaken to these Four Noble Truths as they truly are and make them known. Whatever ascetics or brahmins at present fully awaken to things as they truly are, all of them fully awaken to these Four Noble Truths as they truly are and make them known.

The Buddha describes the conduct of a person who is said to be ‘peaceful’. Such a person is free from craving before the breakup of body. He is one who examines distinctions in all contacts, withdrawn, straightforward, unassuming, unmoved amid views, not holding to a construct, and for whom, there is no ‘mine’ in the world.

He is without anger, fearless, not boastful, free from wrongdoing; Speaking wisely, |unruffled::not agitated, not arrogant, not pompous [anuddhata]|, controlled in speech, he is indeed a sage.

As long as sun and moon do not arise in the world, there is complete darkness. Similarly, as long as the Buddha has not arisen in the world, there is complete darkness, dense darkness.

But when, bhikkhus, the Tathāgata, the Arahant, the perfectly Awakened One, arises in the world, there is great light, great radiance. Then, there is neither complete darkness nor blinding darkness. Then, there is the declaration, the teaching, the describing, the putting forward, the revealing, the analysis, and the exposition of the four noble truths. Which four? The noble truth of |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|, the noble truth of the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|, the noble truth of the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|, and the noble truth of the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|.

The Buddha uses a simile of a kiṁsuka tree to explain the different perspectives of the bhikkhus on the purification of vision. He then shares a simile of a lord of the city to share the importance of the Noble Eightfold Path.

'Route by which way they had arrived,' bhikkhu, is a designation for the Noble Eightfold Path, i.e.—right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness."

When the brahmin Ahiṁsaka Bhāradvāja claims to be harmless, the Buddha explains what it truly means to be harmless.

If one were as one's name suggests, surely you would be harmless; But one who does no |harm::hurt, injure, kill, destroy [hiṁsati]| by body, by speech or by mind; That one is truly harmless, who injures no other at all.

The Buddha uses a simile of a cat and a mouse to illustrate how not setting up mindfulness and being unrestrained in the sense faculties can lead to death or deadly suffering.

"Bhikkhus, once in the past a cat stood near a rubbish heap at a crossroads, watching for a young mouse, thinking: 'When this young mouse comes out for food, right there I will grab it and eat it.' Then that mouse came out for food, and the cat grabbed it and swallowed it hastily, without chewing it. Then that young mouse ate the cat's intestines and |mesentery::intestine string [antaguṇa]|, and on that account the cat met with death or deadly suffering.

The Buddha teaches about psychic power, the basis of psychic power, the development of the bases of psychic power, and the way of practice leading to the development of the bases of psychic power.

And what, bhikkhus, is the way of practice leading to the development of the bases of psychic powers? It is this very Noble Eightfold Path, namely: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness — this, bhikkhus, is called the way of practice leading to the development of the bases of psychic powers."

Beings come together and associate according to disposition. Those who intense craving come together and associate with those with intense craving; those with a malicious mind come together and associate with those with a malicious mind; those with wrong views come together and associate with those with wrong views; and similar for the other seven kinds of actions.

Those who abstain from killing living beings come together and associate with those who abstain from killing living beings; those who abstain from taking what is not given come together and associate with those who abstain from taking what is not given; those who abstain from sexual misconduct come together and associate with those who abstain from sexual misconduct; those who abstain from speaking falsely come together and associate with those who abstain from speaking falsely; those who abstain from speaking divisively come together and associate with those who abstain from speaking divisively; those who abstain from speaking harshly come together and associate with those who abstain from speaking harshly; those who abstain from chattering frivolously come together and associate with those who abstain from chattering frivolously; those who are without intense craving come together and associate with those who are without intense craving; those who are not hateful come together and associate with those who are not hateful; those |with right views::with correct beliefs, correct concepts, correct opinions [sammādiṭṭhikā]| come together and associate with those with right views."

The Buddha explains why he teaches only a little compared to what he has not taught with the simile of the rosewood leaves.

And what have I taught, bhikkhus? 'This is |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|,' bhikkhus, I have taught; 'this is the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|,' I have taught; 'this is the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|,' I have taught; 'this is the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|,' I have taught.

When one knows and sees the four noble truths, there is the wearing away of the taints.

“Bhikkhus, I declare that the |wearing away of the taints::gradual exhaustion and elimination of the mental defilements or deep-seated afflictions such as sensual desire, craving for existence, views, and ignorance [āsava + khaya]| is for one who knows and sees, not for one who does not know and does not see. Who knows and sees what? When one knows and sees: ‘|This is suffering::the inherent unsatisfactoriness and stress woven into conditioned existence, including birth, aging, illness, and death [idaṁ + dukkha]|,’ there is the wearing away of the taints. When one knows and sees: ‘|This is the arising of suffering::the cause for the arising suffering is craving, accompanied by delight and lust, seeking pleasure in sensuality, existence, and non-existence; this craving perpetuates the cycle of conditioned existence [ayaṁ + dukkhasamudaya]|,’ there is the wearing away of the taints. When one knows and sees: ‘|This is the ending of suffering::the complete cessation of craving—its fading away, dispassion, and letting go—resulting in the ending of the cycle of suffering; this is the peace of Nibbāna, free from clinging and becoming [ayaṁ + dukkhanirodha]|,’ there is the wearing away of the taints. When one knows and sees: ‘|This is the way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::the Noble Eightfold Path—a gradual training in right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness; it is the path that cultivates ethical discipline, mental stillness, and wisdom, leading to the cessation of suffering [ayaṁ + dukkhanirodhagāminī + paṭipadā]|,’ there is the wearing away of the taints. The wearing away of the taints, bhikkhus, is for one who knows and sees thus.”

Dhammapada verses 167-178 emphasize living in accordance with the Dhamma, avoiding negligence, not embrace wrong view, and not indulging in the world. One should rise up, live with good conduct, and not live with unwholesome conduct. The world is blind, and only a few see clearly. Swans travel the pathway of the sun, and the wise are emancipated from the world.

One who, having been negligent before, is no longer negligent afterward; |Illuminates::brightens [pabhāseti]| the world, like the moon freed from clouds.

The venerable Bhadda asks the venerable Ānanda about the wrong spiritual practice.

"This, friend, is the wrong spiritual practice: the eightfold wrong way of practice, that is, wrong view, wrong intention, wrong speech, wrong action, wrong livelihood, wrong effort, wrong mindfulness, and wrong collectedness."

The Buddha describes the true ascetic and brahmin as one who understands the four noble truths.

“Bhikkhus, whoever among ascetics or brahmins do not truly understand: ‘|This is suffering::the inherent unsatisfactoriness and stress woven into conditioned existence, including birth, aging, illness, and death [idaṁ + dukkha]|,’ ‘|This is the arising of suffering::the cause for the arising suffering is craving, accompanied by delight and lust, seeking pleasure in sensuality, existence, and non-existence; this craving perpetuates the cycle of conditioned existence [ayaṁ + dukkhasamudaya]|,’ ‘|This is the ending of suffering::the complete cessation of craving—its fading away, dispassion, and letting go—resulting in the ending of the cycle of suffering; this is the peace of Nibbāna, free from clinging and becoming [ayaṁ + dukkhanirodha]|,’ and ‘|This is the way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::the Noble Eightfold Path—a gradual training in right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness; it is the path that cultivates ethical discipline, mental stillness, and wisdom, leading to the cessation of suffering [ayaṁ + dukkhanirodhagāminī + paṭipadā]|’ — such individuals are not, in my view, true ascetics or true brahmins. They are not regarded as ascetics among ascetics nor as brahmins among brahmins. And furthermore, these venerable ones do not live having directly realized and attained, in this very life, the |true goal of renunciation::goal of monkhood, epithet of Nibbāna [sāmaññattha]| or the |goal of Brahmanhood::the purpose of being a brahmin, epithet of Nibbāna [brahmaññattha]|.

The Buddha defines the perfected person as one who is virtuous in conduct, devoted to the cultivation of the seven sets of qualities that lead to awakening, and possessing wisdom of the ending of suffering—complete in training and free from the mental defilements.

“One whose actions by body, speech, and mind are free from any wrongdoing; That one, they say, is of virtuous conduct, a bhikkhu endowed with |conscience::internal sense of right and wrong used for guiding one's behavior, moral shame, scruple [hirī]|.

The Buddha teaches the brahmin Asurindaka Bhāradvāja, who had approached him with harsh words, how to respond to anger and how to win a hard battle.

"The |immature person::lacking in discernment or good sense, child-like in understanding [bāla]| thinks they are victorious, when by speech, they bellow harshly; But true victory is theirs, who |patiently endure::tolerate, bear [titikkhā]|—knowing the truth.

The Buddha sits silently among the Saṅgha of bhikkhus on an Uposatha night when the assembly wasn't pure. Afterwards, the Buddha explains the eight wonderful and marvelous qualities of the Dhamma and Vinaya, likening them to similarly wonderful qualities of the great ocean.

7) Just as, bhikkhus, the great ocean is rich in many treasures, in various treasures, containing treasures in it such as pearls, gems, beryls, conches, crystals, corals, silver, gold, rubies, and emeralds; so too, bhikkhus, this Dhamma and Vinaya is rich in many treasures, in various treasures. These are the treasures in it: the |four establishments of mindfulness::four foundations or objective domains of mindfulness that one gradually establishes and cultivates as a direct way of practice. [Read more in MN 10 - Satipaṭṭhānasutta - Establishments of Mindfulness](/mn10) [cattāro + satipaṭṭhāna]|, the |four right efforts::The four right efforts prevent the arising and lead to giving up of unarisen harmful and unwholesome qualities, and lead to the arising, stability, retention, growth, and full development of wholesome qualities. [Read more in AN 4.13 - Padhāna sutta - Striving](/an4.13) [cattāro + sammappadhāna]|, the |four bases of psychic powers::four bases of spiritual powers, roads to supernormal abilities. [Read more in SN 51.20 - Vibhaṅga sutta - Analysis of the Four Bases of Psychic Powers](/sn51.20) [cattāro + iddhipādā]|, the |five faculties::mental faculties of faith, energy, mindfulness, collectedness, and wisdom. [Read SN 48.10 - Vibhaṅga sutta - Analysis of Five Faculties](/sn48.10) [pañcindriya]|, the |five strengths::unshakable mental powers of faith, energy, mindfulness, collectedness, and wisdom; they mirror the five faculties but are firm and stable in the face of opposition. [pañcabala]|, the |seven factors of awakening::the seven factors of enlightenment, namely of mindfulness, investigation of states, energy, joy, tranquility, collectedness, and equanimity. Read [SN 46.23 - Ṭhāniya Sutta - Serving As A Basis](/sn46.23) [satta + bojjhaṅgā]|, and the |noble eightfold path::the path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness. [Read SN 45.8 - Vibhaṅga sutta - Analysis](/sn45.8) [ariya + aṭṭhaṅgika + magga]|. That this Dhamma and Vinaya is rich in many and various treasures, containing treasures in it such as the four establishments of mindfulness, the four right efforts, the four bases of psychic powers, the five faculties, the five strengths, the seven factors of awakening, and the noble eightfold path; this, bhikkhus, is the seventh wonderful and marvelous quality of this Dhamma and Vinaya, which, seeing again and again, bhikkhus delight in.

The Buddha describes the ten bases for the wearing away of the multitude harmful, unwholesome qualities, and for the development of multitude wholesome qualities.

3. For one with right speech, bhikkhus, wrong speech is worn away; and the multitude harmful, unwholesome qualities that arise due to wrong speech, they too are worn away for him. And due to right speech, multitude wholesome qualities reach full development by cultivation.

The Buddha explains the importance of understanding the Four Noble Truths to end suffering with a simile of making a container out of leaves.

However, bhikkhus, if someone were to say: 'By fully understanding the noble truth of |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]| as it truly is, by fully understanding the noble truth of the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]| as it truly is, by fully understanding the noble truth of the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]| as it truly is, and by fully understanding the noble truth of the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]| as it truly is, I will completely end suffering' — such a thing is indeed possible.

The Buddha explains the importance of understanding the Four Noble Truths to end suffering with a simile of constructing a mansion.

However, bhikkhus, if someone were to say: 'By fully understanding the noble truth of |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]| as it truly is, by fully understanding the noble truth of the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]| as it truly is, by fully understanding the noble truth of the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]| as it truly is, and by fully understanding the noble truth of the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]| as it truly is, I will completely end suffering' — such a thing is indeed possible.

The Buddha affirms the Four Noble Truths as the core of his teaching and praises venerable Sāriputta’s deep understanding of them, who then expounds the truths, detailing suffering in all its forms, the arising of suffering rooted in craving, the ending of suffering, and the Noble Eightfold Path as the way of practice leading to the end suffering.

And what, friends, is right speech? Abstention from |false speech::lying, deliberately speaking falsehood [musāvāda]|, abstention from |divisive speech::defamatory words, slanderous speech, speech intended to create division [pisuṇāya + vācā]|, abstention from |harsh speech::speech that is rough, rude, or unkind [pharusa + vācā]|, abstention from |frivolous chatter::meaningless talk, gossip, idle speech [samphappalāpa]| — this, friends, is called right intention.

Dhammapada verses 256-272 emphasize the qualities that define true wisdom, nobility, and spiritual attainment. These verses critique superficial markers such as age, outward appearance, or rituals. The chapter underscores the importance of avoiding harm, evaluating actions with discernment, and not resting content until there is the complete elimination of mental defilements.

One who does |not indiscriminately draw conclusions::not arbitrarily, not jumping to conclusions [asāhasena]|, but does so |impartially::peacefully, calmly [samena]|; The |discerning one::who has good judgement [medhāvī]| who upholds the Dhamma, is rightly called 'firmly established in the Dhamma.'

The Buddha explains the Four Noble Truths and the five aggregates subject to clinging.

"Bhikkhus, these are the Four Noble Truths. What four? The Noble Truth of |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|, the Noble Truth of the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|, the Noble Truth of the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|, the Noble Truth of the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|.

The Buddha distinguishes pleasant abidings in the here and now from the way of effacement leading upwards to complete quenching. Effacement is shown as the gradual chipping away of defilements through restraint, cultivation of the noble eightfold path, and diligent training, culminating in the complete freedom of Nibbāna.

13. ‘Others could be with wrong speech; we shall be with right speech here’—effacement should be practiced thus.

The Buddha describes the seven kinds of wealth in detail, of 1) faith, 2) virtue, 3) conscience, 4) fear of wrongdoing, 5) learning, 6) generosity, and 7) wisdom. One who possesses these is not truly poor, and their life is not lived in vain.

And what, bhikkhus, is the wealth of |virtue::moral conduct, ethical behavior [sīla]|? Here, bhikkhus, a disciple of the Noble Ones abstains from the destruction of life, abstains from taking what is not given, abstains from sexual misconduct, abstains from false speech, abstains from divisive speech, abstains from harsh speech, abstains from idle chatter, abstains from alcoholic drinks and drugs that cause heedlessness. This is called the wealth of virtue.

Three kinds of children - 1) one who surpasses their parents, 2) one who follows in their footsteps, and 3) one who falls below them.

And how, bhikkhus, does a child become one who surpasses their parents? Here, bhikkhus, a child’s parents are ones who have not gone to the Buddha, |Dhamma::teachings of the Buddha that point to the nature of reality, the ultimate truth [dhamma]|, or |Saṅgha::The community of monks and nuns practicing in line with the Buddha’s teachings. In the broader sense, this is the community of disciples who have realized the noble path and fruition through the Buddha’s teachings [saṅgha]| for refuge. They do not abstain from killing living beings, from taking what is not given, from sexual misconduct, from false speech, and from |consuming intoxicants::consuming wine, spirits, or drugs and getting intoxicated [surāmerayamajjappamādaṭṭhāyī]| causing carelessness; they are |unprincipled::without regard for ethical conduct [dussīla]| and |endowed with harmful qualities::one who has had a long association of harmful mental qualities - of negligence, laziness, having many wishes, irrational application of mind, lack of situational awareness, having bad friends, pursuing bad habits [pāpadhamma]|. But their child has gone to the Buddha, Dhamma, and Saṅgha for refuge. They refrain from killing living beings, from taking what is not given, from sexual misconduct, from false speech, and from consuming intoxicants causing carelessness. They are |virtuous::ethical, moral [sīlavant]| and |endowed with wholesome qualities::one who has had a long association of wholesome mental qualities - of diligence, aroused energy, having few wishes, rational application of mind, having situational awareness, having good friends, pursuing good habits [kalyāṇadhamma]|. In this way, bhikkhus, a child becomes one who surpasses their parents.

The Buddha describes the four kinds of kamma (actions) and their results in detail.

And what, bhikkhus, is kamma that is neither dark nor bright with neither dark nor bright result, which leads to the exhaustion of kamma? Here, bhikkhus, the |intention::will [cetanā]| involved in abandoning kamma that is dark with dark results, the intention involved in abandoning kamma that is bright with bright results, and the intention involved in abandoning kamma that is dark and bright with dark and bright results — this is called kamma that is neither dark nor bright with neither dark nor bright result, which leads to the exhaustion of kamma.

The Buddha describes the diversity of the external elements - 1) the forms, 2) sounds, 3) smells, 4) tastes, 5) tangible objects, and 6) mental objects.

And what, bhikkhus, is the diversity of elements? The |form element::the elemental basis for visual objects—such as shapes, colors, light, bodily forms, gestures, ornaments, scenery, or textures visible through the eye—anything whose appearance enables seeing and may condition perception, attraction, or craving [rūpadhātu]|, |sound element::the elemental basis for auditory experience—such as tones, voices, musical patterns, shouts, praises, speech, or ambient noise—anything whose vibratory quality enables hearing and can become a basis for perception, emotional response, or craving [saddadhātu]|, |odor element::the elemental basis for smells—such as fragrances, stench, food aromas, floral scents, perfumes, or earthy odors—anything whose scent-bearing nature forms the condition for olfactory experience and may lead to craving or attachment [gandhadhātu]|, |taste element::the elemental basis for gustatory experience—such as sweet, bitter, sour, salty, spicy, or subtle flavor properties that arise in dependence on tongue contact with substances, forming the condition for taste perception and potentially giving rise to craving or attachment [rasadhātu]|, |tangible object element::the elemental basis for touch sensation—such as hardness, softness, warmth, coolness, pressure, movement, or contact with textures and bodies—anything that, when contacted by the body, can give rise to tactile experience and potentially become an object of desire, arousal, comfort, or emotional attachment [phoṭṭhabbadhātu]|, and |mental object element::the elemental basis for mental phenomena—such as thoughts, emotions, perceptions, volitions, conceptual constructs, and internal representations—that arise within the mind and form the condition for knowing, imagining, interpreting, or craving [dhammadhātu]|. This is called the diversity of elements.

The five cords of sensual pleasure are described in brief. The four establishments of mindfulness should be cultivated for directly knowing, full understanding, complete exhaustion, and giving up of these five cords of sensual pleasure.

“Bhikkhus, there are these five cords of sensual pleasure. What five? 1) |Forms::visible objects such as beautiful sights, faces, expressions, art, ornaments, possessions, status symbols, admired appearances, enticing scenery, or objects of desire and attachment [rūpe]| cognizable by the eye that are desirable, lovely, agreeable, pleasing, sensual, and |enticing::arousing, tantalizing [rajanīya]|, 2) |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]| cognizable by the ear that are desirable, lovely, agreeable, pleasing, sensual, and enticing, 3) |odors::smells and fragrances experienced through the nose, including perfumes, flowers, food aromas, earth after rain, incense, or even stench—any olfactory experience that may evoke craving, aversion, nostalgia, comfort, or sensual pleasure [gandhā]| cognizable by the nose that are desirable, lovely, agreeable, pleasing, sensual, and enticing, 4) |tastes::flavors experienced through the tongue such as sweetness, bitterness, sourness, saltiness, spiciness, richness, or subtle tastes like umami or astringency—any gustatory experience that can become an object of craving, indulgence, comfort, or sensory delight [rasā]| cognizable by the tongue that are desirable, lovely, agreeable, pleasing, sensual, and enticing, and 5) |tangible objects::tangible contact such as the feel of skin, warmth, softness, intimacy, physical affection, or sensations like massage, breath, water, air, pressure—anything felt through the body that can become an object of desire, arousal, comfort, or emotional attachment [phoṭṭhabba]| cognizable by the body that are desirable, lovely, agreeable, pleasing, sensual, and enticing. These are the five cords of sensual pleasure.

The Buddha teaches the duality of the six sense bases and their respective objects.

What, bhikkhus, is the duality? The eye and |forms::visible objects such as beautiful sights, faces, expressions, art, ornaments, possessions, status symbols, admired appearances, enticing scenery, or objects of desire and attachment [rūpe]|, ear and |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]|, nose and |odors::smells and fragrances experienced through the nose, including perfumes, flowers, food aromas, earth after rain, incense, or even stench—any olfactory experience that may evoke craving, aversion, nostalgia, comfort, or sensual pleasure [gandhā]|, tongue and |tastes::flavors experienced through the tongue such as sweetness, bitterness, sourness, saltiness, spiciness, richness, or subtle tastes like umami or astringency—any gustatory experience that can become an object of craving, indulgence, comfort, or sensory delight [rasā]|, body and |tangible objects::tangible contact such as the feel of skin, warmth, softness, intimacy, physical affection, or sensations like massage, breath, water, air, pressure—anything felt through the body that can become an object of desire, arousal, comfort, or emotional attachment [phoṭṭhabba]|, mind and |mental objects::thoughts, ideas, memories, emotions, intentions, perceptions, concepts, beliefs, mental images, or constructions—any mental phenomena that arises internally and can become an object of clinging, identity, projection, craving, or aversion [dhammā]|—this is called the duality.

The Buddha describes the seven powers in detail, of 1) faith, 2) energy, 3) conscience, 4) fear of wrongdoing, 5) mindfulness, 6) collectedness, and 7) wisdom.

“Bhikkhus, there are these seven powers. What seven? The power of faith, the power of energy, the power of sense of right and wrong, the power of fear of wrongdoing, the power of mindfulness, the power of collectedness, and the power of wisdom.

The Buddha shares a simile of a mountain to illustrate the inevitability of old age and death, and the importance of living by the Dhamma.

One who lives by the Dhamma, in body, speech, and mind; is |praised::commended [pasaṃsati]| right here in this life, and, upon |passing on::after death [pecca]|, rejoices in heaven."

The Tathāgata is regarded the foremost among beings, and diligence is regarded the foremost among qualities.

And how, bhikkhus, does a diligent bhikkhu develop and extensively cultivate the Noble Eightfold Path? Here, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu develops right view |dependent on seclusion::supported by detachment, by means of disengagement [vivekanissita]|, |supported by dispassion::based on fading of desire [virāganissita]|, |based on ending::supported by cessation [nirodhanissita]|, |culminating in complete relinquishment::ripening in release, culminating in letting go [vossaggapariṇāmī]|; similarly he develops right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness, dependent on seclusion, supported by dispassion, based on ending, culminating in complete relinquishment. It is in this way, bhikkhus, that a diligent bhikkhu develops and extensively cultivates the Noble Eightfold Path.

Venerable Kaccāna asks the Buddha about the cause of the arising of the view regarding those who are not fully awakened Buddhas that they are in fact fully awakened Buddhas.

"Mighty, Kaccāna, is this element, namely the element of |ignorance::fundamental unawareness or misunderstanding of the true nature of reality, not experientially understanding the four noble truths [avijjā]|. Dependent on an |inferior::low, deficient [hīna]| element, Kaccāna, there arises an inferior perception, an inferior view, an inferior thought, an inferior |intention::will [cetanā]|, an inferior |wish::a prayer, a longing [patthanā]|, an inferior |aspiration::a determination [paṇidhi]|, an inferior person, and an inferior speech. One explains, teaches, presents, establishes, reveals, analyzes, and clarifies what is inferior. His |rebirth::re-arising, reappearance [upapatti]|, I say, is inferior.

Venerable Sāriputta explains the ten strengths of a bhikkhu who has exhausted the defilements.

10) Furthermore, venerable sir, for a bhikkhu who has exhausted the defilements, the |noble eightfold path::the path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness. [Read SN 45.8 - Vibhaṅga sutta - Analysis](/sn45.8) [ariya + aṭṭhaṅgika + magga]| is cultivated and well developed. And even this, venerable sir, for a bhikkhu who has exhausted the defilements, is a strength, by which strength a bhikkhu who has exhausted the defilements declares the exhaustion of the taints: 'The defilements are exhausted in me.'

The Buddha describes how dependent on the diversity of elements, there arises a diversity of contacts.

And what is the diversity of elements? The |form element::the elemental basis for visual objects—such as shapes, colors, light, bodily forms, gestures, ornaments, scenery, or textures visible through the eye—anything whose appearance enables seeing and may condition perception, attraction, or craving [rūpadhātu]|, |sound element::the elemental basis for auditory experience—such as tones, voices, musical patterns, shouts, praises, speech, or ambient noise—anything whose vibratory quality enables hearing and can become a basis for perception, emotional response, or craving [saddadhātu]|, |odor element::the elemental basis for smells—such as fragrances, stench, food aromas, floral scents, perfumes, or earthy odors—anything whose scent-bearing nature forms the condition for olfactory experience and may lead to craving or attachment [gandhadhātu]|, |taste element::the elemental basis for gustatory experience—such as sweet, bitter, sour, salty, spicy, or subtle flavor properties that arise in dependence on tongue contact with substances, forming the condition for taste perception and potentially giving rise to craving or attachment [rasadhātu]|, |tangible object element::the elemental basis for touch sensation—such as hardness, softness, warmth, coolness, pressure, movement, or contact with textures and bodies—anything that, when contacted by the body, can give rise to tactile experience and potentially become an object of desire, arousal, comfort, or emotional attachment [phoṭṭhabbadhātu]|, and |mental object element::the elemental basis for mental phenomena—such as thoughts, emotions, perceptions, volitions, conceptual constructs, and internal representations—that arise within the mind and form the condition for knowing, imagining, interpreting, or craving [dhammadhātu]|. This is called the diversity of elements.

Even if protected by an entire army, one who engages in misconduct is unprotected. But one who engages in good conduct protects themselves, even without external protection.

Then, venerable sir, it occurred to me: ‘Those who engage in |bodily misconduct::killing living beings, harming others, theft, or sexual misconduct [kāyaduccarita]|, |verbal misconduct::false speech, harsh speech, divisive speech, idle chatter [vacīduccarita]|, or |mental misconduct::yearning with strong eagerness and desire, having ill will or hatred, delighting in harm| leave themselves unprotected. Even though a company of elephant troops may protect them, or a company of cavalry, or a company of chariot troops, or a company of infantry, still they leave themselves unprotected. For what reason? Because that protection is external, not internal; therefore, they leave themselves unprotected.

The Buddha describes the forty-four bases of knowledge by understanding.

The arising of birth is the arising of aging and death; the cessation of birth is the cessation of aging and death; this very Noble Eightfold Path is the way of practice leading to the cessation of aging and death, that is — right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness.

Five ways to overcome arisen resentment

Friends, in the case of a person whose conduct by body is impure and whose conduct by speech is impure, and who does not gain an opening in the mind, a state of mental clarity, how should resentment be removed for that kind of person? Suppose, friends, a person who is ill, suffering, and gravely sick is traveling along a road. Ahead of him is a village, and behind him is another village, both far away. He does not obtain suitable food, suitable medicine, a suitable attendant, or a suitable guide. Then another person, traveling along the road, would see him and feel compassion, sympathy, and a sense of care, thinking, 'Oh, may this person obtain suitable food, suitable medicine, a suitable attendant, and a suitable guide. Why? So that this person may not come to ruin and disaster right here.' In the same way, friends, in the case of a person whose conduct by body is impure, and whose conduct by speech is impure, and who does not gain an opening in the mind, a state of mental clarity, one should feel compassion, sympathy, and a sense of care for such a person, thinking, 'Oh, may this venerable one abandon impure conduct by body and develop pure conduct by body, abandon impure conduct by speech and develop pure conduct by speech, abandon impure conduct by mind and develop pure conduct by mind. Why? So that this venerable one, with the breaking up of the body after death, may not be reborn in a state of misery, a bad destination, a lower realm, hell.'

The Buddha describes the five aggregates subject to clinging - form, feeling, perception, formations, and consciousness.

And what, bhikkhus, is form? The four great elements and the form dependent on the four great elements. This is called form. With the arising of nutriment, there is the arising of form; with the cessation of nutriment, there is the cessation of form. The Noble Eightfold Path is the way of practice leading to the cessation of form, that is, right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness and right collectedness.

The Buddha recounts the inquiry that led to the development of the four bases of psychic powers before his full awakening.

When these four bases of psychic powers have been developed and frequently practiced in this way, with the purified |divine eye::the faculty of clairvoyance, the ability to see beyond the ordinary human range [dibbacakkhu]| surpassing the human vision, one sees beings passing away and being reborn, inferior and superior, beautiful and ugly, fortunate and unfortunate, and one understands beings according to their actions: 'These beings, who were endowed with bad conduct of body, speech, and mind, who reviled the Noble Ones, held wrong views and undertook actions under the influence of wrong view, with the breakup of the body, after death, have reappeared in a state of deprivation, in an unhappy destination, in perdition, even in hell. But these beings, who were endowed with good conduct of body, speech, and mind, who did not revile the Noble Ones, who held right view and undertook actions under the influence of right view, with the breakup of the body, after death, have reappeared in a good destination, in a heavenly world.' Thus with the purified divine eye surpassing the human vision, one sees beings passing away and being reborn, inferior and superior, fair and ugly, fortunate and unfortunate, and understands beings according to their actions.

Developing the four bases of psychic powers can lead to various kinds of psychic powers and the realization of the taintless liberation of mind.

When these four bases of psychic powers have been developed and frequently practiced in this way, with the purified |divine eye::the faculty of clairvoyance, the ability to see beyond the ordinary human range [dibbacakkhu]| surpassing the human vision, one sees beings passing away and being reborn, inferior and superior, beautiful and ugly, fortunate and unfortunate, and one understands beings according to their actions: 'These beings, who were endowed with bad conduct of body, speech, and mind, who reviled the Noble Ones, held wrong views and undertook actions under the influence of wrong view, with the breakup of the body, after death, have reappeared in a state of deprivation, in an unhappy destination, in perdition, even in hell. But these beings, who were endowed with good conduct of body, speech, and mind, who did not revile the Noble Ones, who held right view and undertook actions under the influence of right view, with the breakup of the body, after death, have reappeared in a good destination, in a heavenly world.' Thus with the purified divine eye surpassing the human vision, one sees beings passing away and being reborn, inferior and superior, fair and ugly, fortunate and unfortunate, and understands beings according to their actions.

The Buddha explains the four qualities that lead to the benefit and happiness in this life and in the future life.

2 And what, Byagghapajja, is |accomplishment in protection::accomplishment in preservation [ārakkhasampadā]|? Here, Byagghapajja, the wealth of a son of good family is acquired through initiative and persistence, accumulated through the strength of arms, earned by sweat, righteous and lawfully obtained. He maintains this wealth with protection and guarding, thinking: 'How can my wealth not be seized by authorities, not stolen by thieves, not burned by fire, not carried away by water, and not seized by unfriendly heirs?' This, Byagghapajja, is called accomplishment in protection.

The Buddha recounts how he attained full awakening by examining the principle of dependent co-arising. He likens this realization to a man discovering an ancient, forgotten city.

And what, bhikkhus, is that ancient path, that ancient direct road, traveled upon by the perfectly Awakened Ones in the past? It is just this Noble Eightfold Path; that is, right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right collectedness. Bhikkhus, I followed that ancient path, that ancient road, traveled upon by the perfectly Awakened Ones in the past.

The Buddha describes the five signs that appear when a deity is about to pass away, and the three blessings that the gods give to the deity.

Having given up bodily misconduct, and misconduct in speech; Giving up the mind’s misdeeds too, and all that is tainted by defilement.

The Buddha describes how dependent on the diversity of elements, there arises a diversity of contacts, and not the other way around.

And what is the diversity of elements? The |form element::the elemental basis for visual objects—such as shapes, colors, light, bodily forms, gestures, ornaments, scenery, or textures visible through the eye—anything whose appearance enables seeing and may condition perception, attraction, or craving [rūpadhātu]|, |sound element::the elemental basis for auditory experience—such as tones, voices, musical patterns, shouts, praises, speech, or ambient noise—anything whose vibratory quality enables hearing and can become a basis for perception, emotional response, or craving [saddadhātu]|, |odor element::the elemental basis for smells—such as fragrances, stench, food aromas, floral scents, perfumes, or earthy odors—anything whose scent-bearing nature forms the condition for olfactory experience and may lead to craving or attachment [gandhadhātu]|, |taste element::the elemental basis for gustatory experience—such as sweet, bitter, sour, salty, spicy, or subtle flavor properties that arise in dependence on tongue contact with substances, forming the condition for taste perception and potentially giving rise to craving or attachment [rasadhātu]|, |tangible object element::the elemental basis for touch sensation—such as hardness, softness, warmth, coolness, pressure, movement, or contact with textures and bodies—anything that, when contacted by the body, can give rise to tactile experience and potentially become an object of desire, arousal, comfort, or emotional attachment [phoṭṭhabbadhātu]|, and |mental object element::the elemental basis for mental phenomena—such as thoughts, emotions, perceptions, volitions, conceptual constructs, and internal representations—that arise within the mind and form the condition for knowing, imagining, interpreting, or craving [dhammadhātu]|. This is called the diversity of elements.

The Buddha uses the gradual purification of gold as a metaphor for mental cultivation through meditation. Just as a goldsmith removes coarse, medium, and subtle impurities until the gold is workable and radiant, a meditator abandons defilements in stages. This gradual refinement leads to deep collectedness of mind, forming the foundation for supernormal abilities and, ultimately, liberation.

“So too, bhikkhus, for a bhikkhu devoted to the higher mind, there are coarse defilements: |bodily misconduct::killing living beings, harming others, theft, or sexual misconduct [kāyaduccarita]|, |verbal misconduct::false speech, harsh speech, divisive speech, idle chatter [vacīduccarita]|, and |mental misconduct::yearning with strong eagerness and desire, having ill will or hatred, delighting in harm|. An attentive and capable bhikkhu abandons these, dispels them, eliminates them, and brings them to nought.

Dhammapada verses 383–423 redefine 'Brāhmaṇa' (sage) by inner attainment, not birth or appearance. Through effort, a true sage cuts craving, understands reality, and realizes Nibbāna. Fearless, detached, pure, and restrained, they embody non-violence and patience. Free from defilements and attachments, having overcome suffering and rebirth, the sage achieves the ultimate goal, radiating wisdom and peace.

The sun shines by day, the moon brightens the night; The warrior shines in his armor, the sage in meditation; The Buddha shines resplendent, all day and all night.

The Buddha explains the three unwholesome roots and the three wholesome roots.

Bhikkhus, wisdom is a root of the wholesome. When a person endowed with wisdom chooses to act through body, speech, or mind, that too is wholesome. When such a person, with a mind not overcome by illusion, doesn't cause another to suffer through killing or binding, confiscation or blame, banishing or various forms of oppression with the mindset of power and dominance, that too is wholesome. Thus, from wisdom, arising due to wisdom, originating in wisdom, and conditioned by wisdom, many wholesome qualities come into being. Such a person, bhikkhus, is referred to as one who speaks at the right time, speaks truthfully, speaks beneficially, speaks in line with the Dhamma, and speaks in accordance with the Vinaya.

The Buddha describes how dependent on the diversity of elements, there arises a diversity of contacts, and dependent on the diversity of contacts, there arises a diversity of felt experiences.

And what is the diversity of elements? The |form element::the elemental basis for visual objects—such as shapes, colors, light, bodily forms, gestures, ornaments, scenery, or textures visible through the eye—anything whose appearance enables seeing and may condition perception, attraction, or craving [rūpadhātu]|, |sound element::the elemental basis for auditory experience—such as tones, voices, musical patterns, shouts, praises, speech, or ambient noise—anything whose vibratory quality enables hearing and can become a basis for perception, emotional response, or craving [saddadhātu]|, |odor element::the elemental basis for smells—such as fragrances, stench, food aromas, floral scents, perfumes, or earthy odors—anything whose scent-bearing nature forms the condition for olfactory experience and may lead to craving or attachment [gandhadhātu]|, |taste element::the elemental basis for gustatory experience—such as sweet, bitter, sour, salty, spicy, or subtle flavor properties that arise in dependence on tongue contact with substances, forming the condition for taste perception and potentially giving rise to craving or attachment [rasadhātu]|, |tangible object element::the elemental basis for touch sensation—such as hardness, softness, warmth, coolness, pressure, movement, or contact with textures and bodies—anything that, when contacted by the body, can give rise to tactile experience and potentially become an object of desire, arousal, comfort, or emotional attachment [phoṭṭhabbadhātu]|, and |mental object element::the elemental basis for mental phenomena—such as thoughts, emotions, perceptions, volitions, conceptual constructs, and internal representations—that arise within the mind and form the condition for knowing, imagining, interpreting, or craving [dhammadhātu]|. This is called the diversity of elements.

The Buddha uses the simile of an ocean to describe the six sense bases and their respective objects.

The ear, bhikkhus, is the ocean of a person; its tide consists of |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]|. Bhikkhus, one who withstands that tide consisting of sounds is said to have crossed the ocean of the ear—full of waves, whirlpools, sharks, and monstrous threats. Having crossed over, gone beyond, the brahmin stands on firm ground.

The Buddha teaches the Dhamma for the giving up of everything based on the six sense bases and the process leading up to the arising of feeling and perception.

The ear should be given up, |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]| should be given up, |ear-consciousness::auditory awareness; it does not interpret or recognize meaning—only cognizes and distinguishes [sotaviññāṇa]| should be given up, |ear-contact::the meeting of ear, sound, and ear-consciousness, giving rise to an auditory impression/impingement/intrusion [sotasamphassa]| should be given up, and whatever feeling arises with ear-contact as condition—whether pleasant, painful, or neither-painful-nor-pleasant—that too should be given up.

Sāriputta boldly declares that no ascetic or brahmin has ever been, nor will ever be, more knowledgeable in directly knowing than the Blessed One in full awakening. He acknowledges that he cannot encompass the minds of all the Buddhas, past, future, or present. However, he understands a principle through the Dhamma - all those who become fully awakened do so by abandoning the five hindrances, establishing their minds in the four foundations of mindfulness, and developing the seven factors of awakening.

"Truly remarkable, Sāriputta! You have spoken exalted speech, declared an absolute truth, and roared a lion's roar: 'Venerable sir, I have such confidence in the Blessed One. There was not, there will not be, nor is there now another ascetic or brahmin who is superior in directly knowing than the Blessed One in full awakening.'

The unconditioned is the ending of desire, aversion, and delusion. The 37 factors leading to the unconditioned are described in brief.

develops right intention... develops right speech... develops right action... develops right livelihood... develops right effort... develops right mindfulness... develops right collectedness, which leads to seclusion, leads to dispassion, leads to cessation, culminates in letting go.

The Buddha teaches the Dhamma for the complete comprehension of all clinging through seeing the dependent co-arising of feeling through the six sense bases.

Depending on the ear and |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]|, |ear-consciousness::auditory awareness; it does not interpret or recognize meaning—only cognizes and distinguishes [sotaviññāṇa]| arises. The meeting of the three is contact. With contact as a condition, feeling arises.

Short teachings on the impossibility of certain events, actions, or outcomes.

"It is impossible, bhikkhus, it is inconceivable that a wished for, desirable, or agreeable result could be produced from |verbal misconduct::false speech, harsh speech, divisive speech, idle chatter [vacīduccarita]|. Such a possibility does not exist. But it is possible, bhikkhus, that an unwished for, undesirable, or disagreeable result could be produced from verbal misconduct. Such a possibility does exist."

The Buddha illustrates that his true inheritance is the Dhamma, not material possessions. Venerable Sāriputta clarifies the practice of seclusion by listing numerous harmful qualities to abandon and the Middle Way that leads to abandoning of them, to clear vision, wisdom, tranquility, to full awakening.

In this case, friends, |greed::a grasping mental quality of craving, possessiveness, or lustful wanting that clings to objects or experiences; it fuels attachment and obstructs renunciation and contentment [lobha]| is |harmful::injurious, destructive, bad, or evil [pāpaka]|, |aversion::ill will, hatred, hostility, mental attitude of rejection, fault-finding, resentful disapproval [dosa]| is harmful. There is a Middle Way for the abandoning of greed and aversion, which produces clarity in vision, which produces |wisdom::insight, knowing [ñāṇa]|, which leads to |tranquility::calmness, serenity, stillness, peace [upasama]|, to |direct knowledge::experiential understanding [abhiññāya]|, to |full awakening::perfect understanding, enlightenment [sambodha]|, to |Nibbāna::complete cooling, letting go of everything, deathless, freedom from calamity, the non-disintegrating [nibbāna]|. What, friends, is the middle way that produces clarity in vision, wisdom, and that leads to tranquility, directly knowing, full awakening, and Nibbāna? It is just this Noble Eightfold Path; that is, right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right |collectedness::stability of mind, stillness of mind, mental composure [samādhi]|. This, friends, is the Middle Way that produces clarity in vision, wisdom, and that leads to tranquility, directly knowing, full awakening, and Nibbāna.

The uninclined is the ending of desire, aversion, and delusion. The 37 factors leading to the uninclined are described in brief.

develops right intention... develops right speech... develops right action... develops right livelihood... develops right effort... develops right mindfulness... develops right collectedness, which leads to seclusion, leads to dispassion, leads to cessation, culminates in letting go.

The world is empty of self and what belongs to a self.

The ear, Ānanda, is empty of self and of what belongs to a self. |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]| are empty of self and of what belongs to a self, |ear-consciousness::auditory awareness; it does not interpret or recognize meaning—only cognizes and distinguishes [sotaviññāṇa]| is empty of self and of what belongs to a self, |ear-contact::the meeting of ear, sound, and ear-consciousness, giving rise to an auditory impression/impingement/intrusion [sotasamphassa]| is empty of self and of what belongs to a self.

Venerable Mahākoṭṭhika asks Venerable Sāriputta if the eye is the fetter of forms or if forms are the fetter of the eye. Venerable Sāriputta explains that it is the desire and lust that arises in dependence on both that is the fetter.

“How is it, friend Sāriputta, is the eye the fetter of |forms::visible objects such as beautiful sights, faces, expressions, art, ornaments, possessions, status symbols, admired appearances, enticing scenery, or objects of desire and attachment [rūpe]| or are forms the fetter of the eye? Is the ear the fetter of |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]| or are sounds the fetter of the ear? Is the nose the fetter of |odors::smells and fragrances experienced through the nose, including perfumes, flowers, food aromas, earth after rain, incense, or even stench—any olfactory experience that may evoke craving, aversion, nostalgia, comfort, or sensual pleasure [gandhā]| or are odors the fetter of the nose? Is the tongue the fetter of tastes or are tastes the fetter of the tongue? Is the body the fetter of |tangible objects::tangible contact such as the feel of skin, warmth, softness, intimacy, physical affection, or sensations like massage, breath, water, air, pressure—anything felt through the body that can become an object of desire, arousal, comfort, or emotional attachment [phoṭṭhabba]| or are tangible objects the fetter of the body? Is the mind the fetter of |mental objects::thoughts, ideas, memories, emotions, intentions, perceptions, concepts, beliefs, mental images, or constructions—any mental phenomena that arises internally and can become an object of clinging, identity, projection, craving, or aversion [dhammā]| or are mental objects the fetter of the mind?”

The Buddha describes how dependent on the diversity of elements, there arises a diversity of contacts, and dependent on the diversity of contacts, there arises a diversity of felt experiences. However, diversity of contacts does not arise dependent on the diversity of felt experiences, and diversity of elements does not arise dependent on the diversity of contacts.

And what is the diversity of elements? The |form element::the elemental basis for visual objects—such as shapes, colors, light, bodily forms, gestures, ornaments, scenery, or textures visible through the eye—anything whose appearance enables seeing and may condition perception, attraction, or craving [rūpadhātu]|, |sound element::the elemental basis for auditory experience—such as tones, voices, musical patterns, shouts, praises, speech, or ambient noise—anything whose vibratory quality enables hearing and can become a basis for perception, emotional response, or craving [saddadhātu]|, |odor element::the elemental basis for smells—such as fragrances, stench, food aromas, floral scents, perfumes, or earthy odors—anything whose scent-bearing nature forms the condition for olfactory experience and may lead to craving or attachment [gandhadhātu]|, |taste element::the elemental basis for gustatory experience—such as sweet, bitter, sour, salty, spicy, or subtle flavor properties that arise in dependence on tongue contact with substances, forming the condition for taste perception and potentially giving rise to craving or attachment [rasadhātu]|, |tangible object element::the elemental basis for touch sensation—such as hardness, softness, warmth, coolness, pressure, movement, or contact with textures and bodies—anything that, when contacted by the body, can give rise to tactile experience and potentially become an object of desire, arousal, comfort, or emotional attachment [phoṭṭhabbadhātu]|, and |mental object element::the elemental basis for mental phenomena—such as thoughts, emotions, perceptions, volitions, conceptual constructs, and internal representations—that arise within the mind and form the condition for knowing, imagining, interpreting, or craving [dhammadhātu]|. This is called the diversity of elements.

The Buddha shares the gradual training guidelines in the Dhamma and discipline with the Brahmin Moggallāna. It is through a gradual practice and gradual progression per these guidelines that one attains the ultimate goal of Nibbāna.

Upon hearing this, the Brahmin Accountant Moggallāna said to the Blessed One: "There are those, friend Gotama, who lack faith, who have left the household life for a livelihood, not out of faith. They are crafty, deceitful, treacherous, |restless::agitated, unbalanced, confused about what is right and wrong [uddhata]|, |arrogant::conceited, haughty [unnaḷa]|, |unsteady::wavering, fickle, inconsistent [capala]|, |talkative::big-mouthed [mukhara]|, |chatty::with scattered speech [vikiṇṇavāca]|, |with unguarded sense faculties::uncontrolled in senses, not having self-restraint [aguttadvāratā]|, lacking moderation in eating, not devoted to wakefulness, indifferent to the ascetic life, without keen respect for the training, |indulgent::excessive, living luxuriously, extravagant [bāhulika]|, |careless::loose, lethargic, lax [sāthalika]|, leaders in backsliding, neglectful of seclusion, |indolent::lazy, inactive person, indolent [kusītā]|, |weak in effort::low in energy, lacking in endurance [hīnavīriya]|, |muddle-minded::forgetful, not mindful [muṭṭhassatī]|, |lacking clear awareness::inattentive [asampajāna]|, |distracted::with scattered attention, not collected, not well-composed [asamāhita]|, |with a wandering mind::with runaway thoughts, mentally out of control [vibbhantacitta]|, |undiscerning::without wisdom [duppañña]|, and uninformed—these, friend Gotama, do not live in close association with you.

The Buddha describes how diverse perceptions arise dependent on the diversity of elements, and how the arising of diverse intentions, desires, fevers, and quests depends on the diversity of perceptions.

And what is the diversity of elements? The |form element::the elemental basis for visual objects—such as shapes, colors, light, bodily forms, gestures, ornaments, scenery, or textures visible through the eye—anything whose appearance enables seeing and may condition perception, attraction, or craving [rūpadhātu]|, |sound element::the elemental basis for auditory experience—such as tones, voices, musical patterns, shouts, praises, speech, or ambient noise—anything whose vibratory quality enables hearing and can become a basis for perception, emotional response, or craving [saddadhātu]|, |odor element::the elemental basis for smells—such as fragrances, stench, food aromas, floral scents, perfumes, or earthy odors—anything whose scent-bearing nature forms the condition for olfactory experience and may lead to craving or attachment [gandhadhātu]|, |taste element::the elemental basis for gustatory experience—such as sweet, bitter, sour, salty, spicy, or subtle flavor properties that arise in dependence on tongue contact with substances, forming the condition for taste perception and potentially giving rise to craving or attachment [rasadhātu]|, |tangible object element::the elemental basis for touch sensation—such as hardness, softness, warmth, coolness, pressure, movement, or contact with textures and bodies—anything that, when contacted by the body, can give rise to tactile experience and potentially become an object of desire, arousal, comfort, or emotional attachment [phoṭṭhabbadhātu]|, and |mental object element::the elemental basis for mental phenomena—such as thoughts, emotions, perceptions, volitions, conceptual constructs, and internal representations—that arise within the mind and form the condition for knowing, imagining, interpreting, or craving [dhammadhātu]|. This is called the diversity of elements.

The venerable Udāyī asks the venerable Ānanda about how to see the not-self nature of consciousness.

And, friend, does |ear-consciousness::auditory awareness; it does not interpret or recognize meaning—only cognizes and distinguishes [sotaviññāṇa]| arise dependent on the ear and |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]|?" "Indeed, friend." "And if the cause and condition for the arising of ear-consciousness were to cease entirely, would ear-consciousness be discernible?" "Not at all, friend." "By this method too, friend, it has been made clear by the Blessed One: 'Thus, this consciousness is not-self.'

The Buddha teaches on how to know and see the impermanence of the six sense bases and the process leading up to the arising of feeling and perception for the abandoning of ignorance and the arising of wisdom.

When one knows and sees the ear as impermanent, ignorance is abandoned and wisdom arises. When one knows and sees |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]| as impermanent, ignorance is abandoned and wisdom arises. When one knows and sees |ear-consciousness::auditory awareness; it does not interpret or recognize meaning—only cognizes and distinguishes [sotaviññāṇa]| as impermanent, ignorance is abandoned and wisdom arises. When one knows and sees |ear-contact::the meeting of ear, sound, and ear-consciousness, giving rise to an auditory impression/impingement/intrusion [sotasamphassa]| as impermanent, ignorance is abandoned and wisdom arises. Whatever feeling arises with ear-contact as condition—whether pleasant, painful, or neither-painful-nor-pleasant—when one knows and sees that feeling as impermanent, ignorance is abandoned and wisdom arises.

The Buddha shares a penetrative dhamma exposition on sensual pleasures, feelings, perceptions, taints, actions, and suffering.

And what, bhikkhus, is the ending of sensual pleasures? The ending of contact, bhikkhus, is the ending of sensual pleasures. And this very Noble Eightfold Path is the way of practice leading to the ending of sensual pleasures, namely, right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right collectedness.

The Buddha teaches Rāhula about the importance of truthfulness and how to purify one's bodily, verbal and mental conduct by reflecting on the consequences of one's actions.

Then the Blessed One, having turned the water vessel upright, addressed the venerable Rāhula: "Rāhula, do you see this hollow and empty water vessel?"

The Buddha explains how the six sense bases and their objects are burning with the fires of passion, aversion, and delusion, and how to become disenchanted, dispassionate, and liberated.

The ear is burning; |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]| are burning; |ear-consciousness::auditory awareness; it does not interpret or recognize meaning—only cognizes and distinguishes [sotaviññāṇa]| is burning; |ear-contact::the meeting of ear, sound, and ear-consciousness, giving rise to an auditory impression/impingement/intrusion [sotasamphassa]| is burning. Whatever feeling arises with ear-contact as condition—whether pleasant, painful, or neither-painful-nor-pleasant, that too is burning. With what is it burning? 'It is burning with the fire of passion, with the fire of aversion, with the fire of delusion; it is burning with birth, aging, death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, and despair, I say.

The Buddha explains the cause for the restraint of all the taints and how there is abandoning of all the taints through the seven methods of seeing, restraint, proper use, enduring, avoiding, removing, and cultivation.

They wisely attend to: 'This is |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|'; they wisely attend to: 'This is the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|'; they wisely attend to: 'This is the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|'; they wisely attend to: 'This is the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|.' For one who attends wisely in this way, three fetters are abandoned: |personal existence view::view of having an individual identity, as an embodied being, seeing oneself as the owner of the body and mind [sakkāyadiṭṭhi]|, |doubt::uncertainty, indecisiveness, lack of confidence in the Buddha's teachings [vicikicchā]|, and |clinging to rules and observances::clinging to precepts and practices, adherence to rites and rituals [sīlabbataparāmāsa]|. These are called the taints that should be abandoned by seeing.

The Buddha explains how he divided his thoughts into two kinds - 1) thoughts of sensual desire, ill will, and harm; and 2) thoughts of relinquishment, non-ill will, and non-harm. He explains how he abandoned harmful thoughts and cultivated wholesome thoughts, leading to the attainment of the four jhānas and the three knowledges.

Bhikkhus, I have given this simile in order to convey a meaning. This is the meaning: 'The great low-lying marsh' is a term for sensual pleasures. 'The large herd of deer' represents beings. 'The man desiring their ruin, harm, and bondage' is a term for |Māra the Evil One::embodiment of all forces that keeps beings trapped in the cycle of rebirth [māra]|. 'The false path' represents the wrong eightfold path - wrong view, wrong intention, wrong speech, wrong action, wrong livelihood, wrong effort, wrong mindfulness, and wrong collectedness. 'The decoy' is a term for delight and lust. 'The dummy' is a term for |ignorance::fundamental unawareness or misunderstanding of the true nature of reality, not experientially understanding the four noble truths [avijjā]|. 'The man desiring their good, welfare, and protection' is a term for the |Tathāgata::one who has arrived at the truth, an epithet of a perfectly Awakened One [tathāgata]|, the accomplished and fully enlightened one. 'The safe and good path to be traveled joyfully' is a term for the Noble Eightfold Path - right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness.

The Buddha likens the six types of desirable sense objects to baited hooks, set in the world for the misfortune of beings—those who cling to them fall under Māra’s power.

There are, bhikkhus, |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]| cognizable by the ear that are desirable, lovely, agreeable, pleasing, sensual, and enticing. If a bhikkhu seeks delight in them, welcomes them, and remains holding to them, he is called a bhikkhu who has swallowed Mara’s hook, who would meet with misfortune and disaster, and the Evil One could do with him as he wishes.

The Buddha explains the three bases of sectarian views that when closely examined, culminate in inaction. He then shares the Dhamma that is irrefutable, undefiled, blameless, and not disapproved of by the wise.

And what bhikkhus, is the noble truth of the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|? It is this very Noble Eightfold Path, namely: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and |right collectedness::stability of mind, stillness of mind, mental composure [samādhi]|. This is called the noble truth of the way of practice leading to the ending of suffering.

The Buddha describes the wholesome and unwholesome states to the wanderer Vacchagotta, and then answers Vacchagotta's questions about the accomplishments of his disciples.

Killing living beings, Vaccha, is unwholesome; abstaining from killing living beings is wholesome. Taking what is not given, Vaccha, is unwholesome; abstaining from taking what is not given is wholesome. Sexual misconduct, Vaccha, is unwholesome; abstaining from sexual misconduct is wholesome. False speech, Vaccha, is unwholesome; abstaining from false speech is wholesome. Malicious speech, Vaccha, is unwholesome; abstaining from malicious speech is wholesome. Harsh speech, Vaccha, is unwholesome; abstaining from harsh speech is wholesome. Idle chatter, Vaccha, is unwholesome; abstaining from idle chatter is wholesome. Craving, Vaccha, is unwholesome; contentment is wholesome. Ill will, Vaccha, is unwholesome; non-ill will is wholesome. Wrong view, Vaccha, is unwholesome; right view is wholesome. Thus, Vaccha, these ten qualities are unwholesome, and these ten qualities are wholesome.

The Buddha explains the importance of the Perfectly Awakened One and the wheel-turning monarch, shares about the two types of Buddhas, who does not tremble when a thunder strikes, how living with the unvirtuous and virtuous occurs, and the consequences of not internally settling contention of views and resentment arising from a disciplinary issue.

"Bhikkhus, seeing two reasons, the |Kiṁpurisās::some beings that resemble humans, associated with the realms of the deities| do not speak human speech. What are the two? 'Let us not speak falsely,' and 'Let us not accuse another falsely.' Seeing these two reasons, bhikkhus, the Kiṁpurisas do not speak human speech."

The Buddha answers Sakka's question on the causes and supporting conditions whereby some beings do not attain Nibbāna in this very life and some beings do attain Nibbāna in this very life.

There are, lord of the gods, |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]| cognizable by the ear that are desirable, lovely, agreeable, pleasing, sensual, and enticing. If a bhikkhu delights in them, welcomes them, and remains holding to them, then for that one who delights, welcomes, and clings to them, consciousness becomes dependent on that and is bound up with clinging. A bhikkhu with clinging, lord of the gods, does not attain final Nibbāna.

The Buddha describes how dependent on the diversity of elements, there arises a diversity of perceptions, intentions, contacts, felt experiences connected with contact, desires, fevers, quests, and acquisitions.

And what is the diversity of elements? The |form element::the elemental basis for visual objects—such as shapes, colors, light, bodily forms, gestures, ornaments, scenery, or textures visible through the eye—anything whose appearance enables seeing and may condition perception, attraction, or craving [rūpadhātu]|, |sound element::the elemental basis for auditory experience—such as tones, voices, musical patterns, shouts, praises, speech, or ambient noise—anything whose vibratory quality enables hearing and can become a basis for perception, emotional response, or craving [saddadhātu]|, |odor element::the elemental basis for smells—such as fragrances, stench, food aromas, floral scents, perfumes, or earthy odors—anything whose scent-bearing nature forms the condition for olfactory experience and may lead to craving or attachment [gandhadhātu]|, |taste element::the elemental basis for gustatory experience—such as sweet, bitter, sour, salty, spicy, or subtle flavor properties that arise in dependence on tongue contact with substances, forming the condition for taste perception and potentially giving rise to craving or attachment [rasadhātu]|, |tangible object element::the elemental basis for touch sensation—such as hardness, softness, warmth, coolness, pressure, movement, or contact with textures and bodies—anything that, when contacted by the body, can give rise to tactile experience and potentially become an object of desire, arousal, comfort, or emotional attachment [phoṭṭhabbadhātu]|, and |mental object element::the elemental basis for mental phenomena—such as thoughts, emotions, perceptions, volitions, conceptual constructs, and internal representations—that arise within the mind and form the condition for knowing, imagining, interpreting, or craving [dhammadhātu]|. This is called the diversity of elements.

Consciousness arises in dependence on the duality of the six sense bases and their respective objects. Contact arises through the meeting of these three things. Contacted, one feels, intends, and perceives.

Depending on the ear and |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]|, |ear-consciousness::auditory awareness; it does not interpret or recognize meaning—only cognizes and distinguishes [sotaviññāṇa]| arises. The ear is impermanent, changing, becoming otherwise. Sounds are impermanent, changing, becoming otherwise. Thus this duality is unsteady and wavering, impermanent, changing, becoming otherwise. Ear-consciousness is impermanent, changing, becoming otherwise. The cause and condition for the arising of ear-consciousness is also impermanent, changing, becoming otherwise. When, bhikkhus, ear-consciousness has arisen in dependence on a condition that is impermanent, how could it be permanent?

Prompted by a misquotation of the Buddha regarding mental versus physical and verbal actions, the Buddha clarifies the nature of kamma and its results. He explains, through a framework of four paradoxical cases, how actions may lead to unexpected outcomes based on prior deeds or conditions at death.

Here, Ānanda, a certain ascetic or brahmin, through application, exertion, inquiry, diligence, and right attention, attains such a stability of mind that, when his mind is thus collected, with the divine eye, purified and surpassing the human, he sees that person—one who refrains from killing living beings, refrains from taking what is not given, refrains from sexual misconduct, refrains from false speech, refrains from divisive speech, refrains from harsh speech, refrains from frivolous chatter, is free from intense craving, is free from ill will, and holds right view—with the breakup of the body, after death, he sees him reborn in a good destination, in the heavenly world. He says thus: ‘Inaction, sir, there are wholesome actions; there is the result of good conduct. I have seen that person—one who refrains from killing living beings, refrains from taking what is not given… holds right view—and I see him, with the breakup of the body, after death, reborn in a good destination, in the heavenly world.’ And he says thus: ‘Whoever, sir, refrains from killing living beings, refrains from taking what is not given… holds right view—every one of them, with the breakup of the body, after death, is reborn in a good destination, in the heavenly world. Those who know thus, know rightly; those who think otherwise, their knowledge is false.’ Thus, whatever he has personally known, personally seen, personally understood—this alone he clings to stubbornly, doubling down, and insisting: ‘Only this is true, anything else is wrong.’

A radiant deity tempts young Samiddhi to enjoy sensual pleasures. The Buddha later reveals that true liberation transcends identity and craving, and is only found by those who let go of even the need to describe themselves.

One should not do any evil in all the world, Not by speech, mind, or body; Having abandoned sense pleasures, |mindful::who has recollection, is aware, present [satimant]| and |fully aware::with attentiveness, with clear and full comprehension, intentional, purposeful [sampajāna]|, one should not pursue what is unsatisfactory and |unbeneficial::lit. not connected with benefit [anatthasaṃhita]|.”

The Buddha analyzes each of the twelve links of dependent co-arising, and explains how there is an arising and ending of the whole mass of suffering.

And what, bhikkhus, is craving? There are these six classes of craving, bhikkhus: craving for |forms::visible objects such as beautiful sights, faces, expressions, art, ornaments, possessions, status symbols, admired appearances, enticing scenery, or objects of desire and attachment [rūpe]|, craving for |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]|, craving for |odors::smells and fragrances experienced through the nose, including perfumes, flowers, food aromas, earth after rain, incense, or even stench—any olfactory experience that may evoke craving, aversion, nostalgia, comfort, or sensual pleasure [gandhā]|, craving for |tastes::flavors experienced through the tongue such as sweetness, bitterness, sourness, saltiness, spiciness, richness, or subtle tastes like umami or astringency—any gustatory experience that can become an object of craving, indulgence, comfort, or sensory delight [rasā]|, craving for |tangible objects::tangible contact such as the feel of skin, warmth, softness, intimacy, physical affection, or sensations like massage, breath, water, air, pressure—anything felt through the body that can become an object of desire, arousal, comfort, or emotional attachment [phoṭṭhabba]|, and craving for |mental objects::thoughts, ideas, memories, emotions, intentions, perceptions, concepts, beliefs, mental images, or constructions—any mental phenomena that arises internally and can become an object of clinging, identity, projection, craving, or aversion [dhammā]|. This is called craving, bhikkhus.

The Buddha describes how the diversity of quests is not the cause for the arising of diversity of fevers, desires, intentions, perceptions, and elements. Rather, dependent on the diversity of elements, there is arises a diversity of perceptions, intentions, desires, fevers, and quests.

And what is the diversity of elements? The |form element::the elemental basis for visual objects—such as shapes, colors, light, bodily forms, gestures, ornaments, scenery, or textures visible through the eye—anything whose appearance enables seeing and may condition perception, attraction, or craving [rūpadhātu]|, |sound element::the elemental basis for auditory experience—such as tones, voices, musical patterns, shouts, praises, speech, or ambient noise—anything whose vibratory quality enables hearing and can become a basis for perception, emotional response, or craving [saddadhātu]|, |odor element::the elemental basis for smells—such as fragrances, stench, food aromas, floral scents, perfumes, or earthy odors—anything whose scent-bearing nature forms the condition for olfactory experience and may lead to craving or attachment [gandhadhātu]|, |taste element::the elemental basis for gustatory experience—such as sweet, bitter, sour, salty, spicy, or subtle flavor properties that arise in dependence on tongue contact with substances, forming the condition for taste perception and potentially giving rise to craving or attachment [rasadhātu]|, |tangible object element::the elemental basis for touch sensation—such as hardness, softness, warmth, coolness, pressure, movement, or contact with textures and bodies—anything that, when contacted by the body, can give rise to tactile experience and potentially become an object of desire, arousal, comfort, or emotional attachment [phoṭṭhabbadhātu]|, and |mental object element::the elemental basis for mental phenomena—such as thoughts, emotions, perceptions, volitions, conceptual constructs, and internal representations—that arise within the mind and form the condition for knowing, imagining, interpreting, or craving [dhammadhātu]|. This is called the diversity of elements.

Venerable Sāriputta explains the four kinds of persons based on their understanding of blemishes and blemish-free qualities. He uses the simile of a bronze bowl to illustrate the importance of understanding one's blemishes and blemish-free qualities.

So too, friend, those persons who |lack in faith::are without confidence, are without conviction [assaddha]|, who have gone forth from the household life into homelessness not out of faith but for the sake of a livelihood, who are crafty, deceitful, treacherous, |restless::agitated, unbalanced, confused about what is right and wrong [uddhata]|, |arrogant::conceited, haughty [unnaḷa]|, |unsteady::wavering, fickle, inconsistent [capala]|, |talkative::big-mouthed [mukhara]|, |chatty::with scattered speech [vikiṇṇavāca]|, |with unguarded sense faculties::uncontrolled in senses, not having self-restraint [aguttadvāratā]|, lacking moderation in eating, not devoted to wakefulness, indifferent to the ascetic life, without keen respect for the training, |indulgent::excessive, living luxuriously, extravagant [bāhulika]|, |careless::loose, lethargic, lax [sāthalika]|, leaders in backsliding, neglectful of seclusion, |indolent::lazy, inactive person, indolent [kusītā]|, |weak in effort::low in energy, lacking in endurance [hīnavīriya]|, |muddle-minded::forgetful, not mindful [muṭṭhassatī]|, |lacking clear awareness::inattentive [asampajāna]|, |distracted::with scattered attention, not collected, not well-composed [asamāhita]|, |with a wandering mind::with runaway thoughts, mentally out of control [vibbhantacitta]|, |undiscerning::without wisdom [duppañña]|, uninformed—Venerable Sāriputta, with this exposition of the Dhamma, shapes them as if knowing their hearts with his heart.

The Buddha teaches in detail how to develop mindfulness while breathing in and out through sixteen naturally unfolding steps, showing how their cultivation fulfills the four establishments of mindfulness, which in turn fulfill the seven factors of awakening, culminating in true knowledge and liberation.

In this Saṅgha of bhikkhus, there are bhikkhus who are devoted to the cultivation of the |four establishments of mindfulness::four foundations or objective domains of mindfulness that one gradually establishes and cultivates as a direct way of practice [catu + satipaṭṭhāna]| — such bhikkhus are found in this Sangha of bhikkhus. In this Saṅgha of bhikkhus, there are bhikkhus who are devoted to the cultivation of the |four right efforts::the application of correct effort to prevent unwholesome states, abandon arisen unwholesome states, generate wholesome states, and maintain arisen wholesome states [catu + sammappadhāna]|, the |four bases of spiritual power::bases for the causal strength of aspiration, determination, purification of mind, and investigation; basis for success [catu + iddhipādā]|, the |five faculties::the mental faculties of faith, energy, mindfulness, collectedness, and wisdom [pañca + indriya]|, the |five powers::the strengthened and unshakable cultivation of the five faculties of faith, energy, mindfulness, collectedness, and wisdom [pañca + bala]|, the |seven factors of awakening::mindfulness, investigation of mental qualities, energy, joy, tranquility, collectedness, and equanimity [satta + bojjhaṅga]|, and the |Noble Eightfold Path::the path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [ariya + aṭṭhaṅgika + magga]| — such bhikkhus are found in this Saṅgha of bhikkhus. In this Saṅgha of bhikkhus, there are bhikkhus who are devoted to the cultivation of |loving-kindness::goodwill, friendliness, benevolence [mettā]|, to the cultivation of |compassion::mental quality of wise empathy in response to suffering, which counters qualities of harm or cruelty [karuṇā]|, to the cultivation of |sympathetic joy::mental quality of rejoicing in the success and happiness of others, which counters envy [muditā]|, to the cultivation of |equanimity::mental poise, mental balance, equipoise, non-reactivity, composure [upekkhā]|, to the cultivation of the perception of |unattractiveness::disagreeable, not aesthetically pleasing [asubha]|, to the cultivation of the |recognition of impermanence::perception of instability, inconsistency [aniccasaññā]| — such bhikkhus are found in this Saṅgha of bhikkhus. In this Saṅgha of bhikkhus, there are bhikkhus who are devoted to the cultivation of mindfulness while breathing in and out — such bhikkhus are found in this Saṅgha of bhikkhus.

The Buddha describes the three divine messengers that appear among human beings and what happens to those who do not heed their message.

"Here, bhikkhus, a certain person engages in |bodily misconduct::killing living beings, harming others, theft, or sexual misconduct [kāyaduccarita]|, |verbal misconduct::false speech, harsh speech, divisive speech, idle chatter [vacīduccarita]|, and |mental misconduct::yearning with strong eagerness and desire, having ill will or hatred, delighting in harm [manoduccarita]|. Having engaged in misconduct by way of body, speech, and mind, after the breaking up of the body at death, they are |reborn in a state of loss::in a state of misery [apāya]|, in a bad destination, in the |realms of downfall::in realms of misery [vinipāta]|, in |hell::a place of intense suffering, lit. no good fortune [niraya]|. Bhikkhus, then the hell wardens seize that person by both arms and present them to |King Yama::lord of the underworld, who acts as a moral examiner and questions the recently deceased about their failure to heed the divine messengers—aging, illness, and death. He reminds beings that they alone are responsible for their past deeds [yama]|, saying: 'This man, your majesty, did not respect their mother, did not respect their father, did not respect ascetics, did not respect the |Brahmans::a title used by the Buddha for an Arahant, an awakened being [brahmañña]|, and did not respect the elders in their family. May your majesty impose due punishment on him.'

The Buddha explains how to rein in the mind when desire, passion, aversion, illusion, or repulsion arises in regard to the six sense bases using the simile of a watchman and an ox and the simile of a lute.

Bhikkhus, if in any bhikkhu or bhikkhunī, desire or passion or aversion or illusion or repulsion arises in regard to |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]| cognizable by the ear, they should rein in their mind thus: ‘This path is perilous, risky, thorny, impassable, a diversion, a wrong way, an unfavorable path. This is a path followed by persons of no integrity, not followed by virtuous persons. This is not befitting for you.’ In this way, the mind should be reined in with regard to sounds cognizable by the ear.

Using the simile of an elephant’s footprint, the Buddha illustrates how confidence in him develops gradually through practice. A noble disciple trains in conduct, sense restraint, contentment, and mindfulness, progressing through the jhānas. Unshakable confidence in the Buddha, Dhamma, and Saṅgha arises through direct knowledge and liberation.

Thus, with the mind collected, purified, clarified, blemish-free, free from impurities, malleable, flexible, suitable for use, and unshakeable, he directs the mind towards the knowledge of the ending of the |taints::defilements, pollutants [āsava]|. He understands as it actually is, 'This is |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|,' he understands as it actually is, 'This is the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|,' he understands as it actually is, 'This is the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|,' he understands as it actually is, 'This is the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|.' He understands as it actually is, 'These are the taints,' he understands as it actually is, 'This is the arising of taints,' he understands as it actually is, 'This is the ending of taints,' he understands as it actually is, 'This is the way of practice leading to the ending of taints.' This too, brahmin, is called a footprint of the Tathāgata, a trace of the Tathāgata, a marking of the Tathāgata. Yet even at this point, the noble disciple does not come to the conclusion: ‘The Blessed One is a perfectly Awakened One, the Dhamma of the Blessed One is well proclaimed, the Saṅgha of the Blessed One's disciples is practicing the good way.’

The Buddha outlines a progressive training guideline for the bhikkhus to undertake in order to be recognized as ascetics and Brahmins. The Buddha also describes the abandonment of the five hindrances, the four jhānas, and the three knowledges using similes.

Thus, with the mind collected, purified, clarified, blemish-free, free from impurities, flexible, suitable for use, stable, and unshakeable, he directs the mind towards the knowledge of the ending of the |taints::defilements, pollutants [āsava]|. He understands as it actually is, 'This is |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|,' he understands as it actually is, 'This is the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|,' he understands as it actually is, 'This is the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|,' he understands as it actually is, 'This is the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|.' He understands as it actually is, 'These are the taints,' he understands as it actually is, 'This is the arising of taints,' he understands as it actually is, 'This is the ending of taints,' he understands as it actually is, 'This is the way of practice leading to the ending of taints.' Knowing and seeing thus, his mind is liberated from the taint of sensual desire, the taint of becoming, and the taint of |ignorance::fundamental unawareness or misunderstanding of the true nature of reality, not experientially understanding the four noble truths [avijjā]|. In liberation, there arises the knowledge: 'Liberated.' He understands: 'Birth is ended, the spiritual life has been lived, what was to be done has been done, there is no more coming to any state of existence.'

The Buddha explains how even small attachments can be strong fetters if not relinquished, using similes of a quail and an elephant, and contrasts between the poor and wealthy. He describes four types of practitioners based on their response to attachment and mindfulness. The discourse also presents gradual refinement of meditative attainments from the first jhāna to the cessation of perception and feeling.

Venerable sir, previously, we used to eat in the evening, in the morning, and even during the day outside the proper time. Then there was an occasion where the Blessed One addressed the bhikkhus thus: ‘Bhikkhus, please |let go of::abandon, give up [pajahati]| that daytime meal, which is outside the proper time.’ At that, venerable sir, I experienced a shift in attitude and |mental distress::dejection, depression, unhappiness, grief, negative state of mind [domanassa]| thinking: ‘Even though faithful householders give us delicious food of various kinds during the day outside the proper time, the Blessed One tells us to let go of it, the |Fortunate One::well gone, Accomplished One, epithet of the Buddha [sugata]| tells us to |relinquish it::abandon it, give it up [paṭinissagga]|.’ Yet out of |affection::dearness, fondness [pema]| and |respect::reverence, esteem [gārava]| for the Blessed One, and in mindful regard for |conscience::internal sense of right and wrong used for guiding one's behavior, moral shame, scruple [hirī]| and |fear of wrongdoing::moral dread [ottappa]|, we let go of that daytime meal, which was outside the proper time. Then we ate only in the evening and in the morning.

The Buddha explains the six kinds of persons found existing in the world based on their mental qualities and understanding of the teachings.

5 Here, Ānanda, there is a certain person who has anger and pride ingrained within, and from time to time, |impulsive or harmful speech::exchange of words, verbal formations [vacīsaṅkhāra]| arisen in them. They have not heard the teachings, nor become learned in them, nor have they penetrated them by view, and they do not attain even temporary liberation. After the breakup of the body, after death, they go towards a state of decline, not towards distinction; they are indeed on a path of decline, not on a path of distinction.

Everything, when not directly known, not completely comprehended, not detached from, and not let go of, is incapable of resulting in the wearing away of suffering.

The ear, bhikkhus, when not directly known, not completely comprehended, not detached from, and not let go of, is incapable of resulting in the wearing away of suffering. |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]|, when not directly known, not completely comprehended, not detached from, and not let go of, lack this capability. |Ear-consciousness::auditory awareness; it does not interpret or recognize meaning—only cognizes and distinguishes [sotaviññāṇa]|, when not directly known, not completely comprehended, not detached from, and not let go of, lacks this capability. |Ear-contact::the meeting of ear, sound, and ear-consciousness, giving rise to an auditory impression/impingement/intrusion [sotasamphassa]|, and whatever feeling arises conditioned by ear-contact, whether it be pleasant, painful or neither pleasant-nor-painful, all, when not directly known, not completely comprehended, not detached from, and not let go of, is incapable of resulting in the wearing away of suffering.

The wanderer Māgaṇḍiya holds the view that sensual indulgence is spiritual growth and harshly criticizes the Buddha for teaching sense restraint, calling him a destroyer of spiritual growth. The Buddha skilfully reveals the true nature of sensual pleasures through vivid similes such as a leper finding relief by scorching himself over burning coals and a blind man mistaking a filthy rag for a spotless white cloth.

“Māgaṇḍiya, the ear delights in |sounds::auditory experiences such as speech, music, praise, blame, ambient noise, verbal expression, or melodic tones—any sound that can stir emotion, craving for praise, aesthetic delight, or attachment to communication and identity [saddā]|… the nose delights in |odors::smells and fragrances experienced through the nose, including perfumes, flowers, food aromas, earth after rain, incense, or even stench—any olfactory experience that may evoke craving, aversion, nostalgia, comfort, or sensual pleasure [gandhā]|… the tongue delights in |tastes::flavors experienced through the tongue such as sweetness, bitterness, sourness, saltiness, spiciness, richness, or subtle tastes like umami or astringency—any gustatory experience that can become an object of craving, indulgence, comfort, or sensory delight [rasā]|, takes pleasure in tastes, and relishes tastes. But in the Tathāgata, the tongue is tamed, guarded, protected, and restrained. And he teaches the Dhamma for the sake of that restraint. Was it in reference to this that you said, 'The ascetic Gotama is a destroyer of spiritual growth?'“ “Indeed, sir Gotama, it is precisely referring to this that I said, 'The ascetic Gotama is a destroyer of spiritual growth.' Why? Because this is how it is handed down in our tradition.“ “Māgaṇḍiya, the body delights in |tangible objects::tangible contact such as the feel of skin, warmth, softness, intimacy, physical affection, or sensations like massage, breath, water, air, pressure—anything felt through the body that can become an object of desire, arousal, comfort, or emotional attachment [phoṭṭhabba]|, takes pleasure in tangible objects… the mind delights in mind objects, takes pleasure in mind objects, and relishes mind objects. But in the Tathāgata, the mind is tamed, guarded, protected, and restrained. And he teaches the Dhamma for the sake of that restraint. Was it in reference to this that you said, 'The ascetic Gotama is a destroyer of spiritual growth?'”

The young brahmin Subha questions the Buddha about whether householders or renunciants are superior and what brings the greatest merit. The Buddha explains that he evaluates actions with discernment, and then teaches the path to companionship with Brahmā through cultivation of the qualities of loving-kindness, compassion, appreciative joy, and equanimity.

“In this case, young man, I am an |advocate of analysis::who has a doctrine of classification, lit. speaking based on analysis [vibhajjavāda]|, I do not |speak in absolutes::who has categorical views, lit. one side speaking [ekaṁsavāda]|. Whether it is a householder or one gone forth, I do not |praise::commend, extol [vaṇṇeti]| the |wrong way of practice:: [micchāpaṭipatti]|. For whether it is a householder or one gone forth who is practicing wrongly, due to that basis of wrong practice, they are not successful in the true way, in the Dhamma that is wholesome. But whether it is a householder or one gone forth, I praise the |right way of practice::following the correct path [sammāpaṭipatti]|. For whether it is a householder or one gone forth who is practicing rightly, due to that basis of right practice, they are successful in the true way, in the Dhamma that is wholesome.”

Venerable Ānanda recollects the wonderful and marvelous qualities of the Tathāgata, the Buddha, relating to his conception and birth. The Buddha then caps it off by sharing what he considers the most wonderful and marvelous quality of all.

I heard and learned this, venerable sir, from the Blessed One’s own lips: ‘When, Ānanda, the Bodhisatta had descended into his mother’s womb, she became intrinsically virtuous, abstaining from killing living beings, from taking what is not given, from misconduct in sensual pleasures, from false speech, and from |intoxicants::liquor, wine, spirits, drugs, caffeine; substances that promote dwelling without regard for diligence|’—this too I remember as a wonderful and marvelous quality of the Blessed One.

The Buddha describes the four establishments of mindfulness to be cultivated in detail, namely - mindfulness of the body, mindfulness of the felt experience, mindfulness of the mind, and mindfulness of the mental qualities.

And how, bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu dwell observing the mental qualities in and of themselves with regard to the Four Noble Truths? Here, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu discerns as it actually is, 'This is |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|,' he discerns as it actually is, 'This is the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|,' he discerns as it actually is, 'This is the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|,' and he discerns as it actually is, 'This is the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|.'

The Buddha describes how the diversity of acquisitions is not the cause for the arising of diversity of fevers, desires, felt experiences connected with contact, contacts, intentions, perceptions, and elements. Rather, dependent on the diversity of elements, there arises a diversity of perceptions, intentions, contacts, felt experiences connected with contact, desires, fevers, quests, and acquisitions.

And what is the diversity of elements? The |form element::the elemental basis for visual objects—such as shapes, colors, light, bodily forms, gestures, ornaments, scenery, or textures visible through the eye—anything whose appearance enables seeing and may condition perception, attraction, or craving [rūpadhātu]|, |sound element::the elemental basis for auditory experience—such as tones, voices, musical patterns, shouts, praises, speech, or ambient noise—anything whose vibratory quality enables hearing and can become a basis for perception, emotional response, or craving [saddadhātu]|, |odor element::the elemental basis for smells—such as fragrances, stench, food aromas, floral scents, perfumes, or earthy odors—anything whose scent-bearing nature forms the condition for olfactory experience and may lead to craving or attachment [gandhadhātu]|, |taste element::the elemental basis for gustatory experience—such as sweet, bitter, sour, salty, spicy, or subtle flavor properties that arise in dependence on tongue contact with substances, forming the condition for taste perception and potentially giving rise to craving or attachment [rasadhātu]|, |tangible object element::the elemental basis for touch sensation—such as hardness, softness, warmth, coolness, pressure, movement, or contact with textures and bodies—anything that, when contacted by the body, can give rise to tactile experience and potentially become an object of desire, arousal, comfort, or emotional attachment [phoṭṭhabbadhātu]|, and |mental object element::the elemental basis for mental phenomena—such as thoughts, emotions, perceptions, volitions, conceptual constructs, and internal representations—that arise within the mind and form the condition for knowing, imagining, interpreting, or craving [dhammadhātu]|. This is called the diversity of elements.

When a bhikkhu who has left the Dhamma and training is disparaging the Buddha's states as merely human and his teaching as merely leading to the ending of suffering, the Buddha counters that this is in fact praise and goes on to enumerate his various attainments.

Sāriputta, when I know and see thus, should anyone say of me: 'The ascetic Gotama does not have any superhuman attributes or distinctions in wisdom and vision worthy of Noble Ones; the ascetic Gotama teaches a Dhamma hammered out by reasoning, conforming to a mode of investigation, and produced by his own intuition,' without abandoning that speech, without abandoning that mind, without relinquishing that view, will be cast into hell just as he would be if physically carried there. Just as, Sāriputta, a bhikkhu accomplished in virtue, collectedness, and wisdom would attain final knowledge in this very life, so, Sāriputta, I declare this: without abandoning that speech, without abandoning that mind, without relinquishing that view, he will be cast into hell just as he would be if physically carried there.

The Buddha shares his own journey of seeking the path to awakening, from leaving the household life, to studying under two meditation teachers, to attaining full awakening and an account of teaching the Dhamma to his first five disciples.

Then the Brahmā Sahampati thinking, 'The Blessed One consented to my request that he teach the Dhamma,' paid homage to me, circumambulated keeping me on the right, and then disappeared right there.

The Buddha explains the difference between cultivation and lack of cultivation with regard to body and mind, and recounts his own journey to full awakening.

Thus, with my mind collected, purified, clarified, blemish-free, free from impurities, flexible, suitable for use, stable, and unshakeable, I directed my mind towards the knowledge of eradicating the taints. I directly knew as it actually is: 'This is |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|,' 'This is the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|,' 'This is the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|,' 'This is the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|.' 'I know these |taints::defilements, pollutants [āsava]|,' I directly knew as it actually is, 'This is the arising of these taints,' I directly knew as it actually is, 'This is the ending of these taints,' I directly knew as it actually is, 'This is the way of practice leading to the ending of these taints,' I directly knew as it actually is.

A lay disciple asks the Buddha why greed, aversion, and illusion still occupy and remain in his mind. The Buddha explains the importance of cultivating discernment of the gratification, drawback, and escape in the case of sensual pleasures along with cultivating the joy and happiness apart from sensual pleasures. He then recounts a conversation with the Nigaṇṭhas on this topic.

Furthermore, Mahānāma, because of sensual pleasures, with sensual pleasures as the cause, the source, and the basis, people engage in misconduct by body, by speech, and by mind. Having acted wrongly by body, having acted wrongly by speech, having acted wrongly by mind, upon the breakup of the body, after death, are |reborn in a state of loss::in a state of misery [apāya]|, in a bad destination, in the |realms of downfall::in realms of misery [vinipāta]|, in hell. Now this too is a drawback in the case of sensual pleasures—a mass of suffering visible here and now, with sensual pleasures as its cause, its source, its basis—the cause being simply sensual pleasures.

The Buddha explains how to completely comprehend the gratification, drawback, and escape in the case of sensual pleasures, form, and felt experience.

Furthermore, bhikkhus, because of sensual pleasures, with sensual pleasures as the cause, the source, and the basis, people engage in misconduct by body, by speech, and by mind. Having acted wrongly by body, having acted wrongly by speech, having acted wrongly by mind, upon the breakup of the body, after death, are |reborn in a state of loss::in a state of misery [apāya]|, in a bad destination, in the |realms of downfall::in realms of misery [vinipāta]|, in hell. Now this too is a drawback in the case of sensual pleasures—a mass of suffering visible here and now, with sensual pleasures as its cause, its source, its basis—the cause being simply sensual pleasures.