The Buddha describes the true ascetic and brahmin as one who understands the four noble truths.

PTS 104–105

ITI 103 Samaṇabrāhmaṇa sutta - Ascetics and Brahmins

Vuttañhetaṁ bhagavatā vuttamarahatāti me sutaṁ:

This was said by the Blessed One, said by the Awakened One, as I have heard:

“Ye hi keci, bhikkhave, samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā ‘idaṁ dukkhan’ti yathābhūtaṁ nappajānanti; ‘ayaṁ dukkhasamudayo’ti yathābhūtaṁ nappajānanti; ‘ayaṁ dukkhanirodho’ti yathābhūtaṁ nappajānanti; ‘ayaṁ dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadā’ti yathābhūtaṁ nappajānanti—na me te, bhikkhave, samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā samaṇesu vā samaṇasammatā brāhmaṇesu vā brāhmaṇasammatā, na ca panete āyasmanto sāmaññatthaṁ vā brahmaññatthaṁ vā diṭṭheva dhamme sayaṁ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharanti.

“Whatever ascetics and brahmins do not discern as they truly are: ‘This is suffering,’ ‘this is the arising of suffering,’ ‘this is the cessation of suffering,’ and ‘this is the way of practice leading to the cessation of suffering’—such individuals are not, in my view, true ascetics or true brahmins. They are not regarded as ascetics among ascetics nor as brahmins among brahmins. And furthermore, these venerable ones do not dwell having directly realized and attained in this very life the true goal of renunciation or the goal of Brahmanhood through their own direct knowledge.

Ye ca kho keci, bhikkhave, samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā ‘idaṁ dukkhan’ti yathābhūtaṁ pajānanti; ‘ayaṁ dukkhasamudayo’ti yathābhūtaṁ pajānanti; ‘ayaṁ dukkhanirodho’ti yathābhūtaṁ pajānanti; ‘ayaṁ dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadā’ti yathābhūtaṁ pajānanti—te kho me, bhikkhave, samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā samaṇesu ceva samaṇasammatā brāhmaṇesu ca brāhmaṇasammatā, te ca panāyasmanto sāmaññatthañca brahmaññatthañca diṭṭheva dhamme sayaṁ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharantī”ti.

Whatever ascetics and brahmins discern as they truly are: ‘This is suffering,’ ‘this is the arising of suffering,’ ‘this is the cessation of suffering,’ and ‘this is the way of practice leading to the cessation of suffering’—such individuals are indeed ascetics or brahmins in my view. They are regarded as ascetics among ascetics and brahmins among brahmins. Moreover, these venerable ones dwell in this very life, having directly realized and attained the true goal of renunciation and the goal of Brahmanhood through their own direct knowledge.”

Etamatthaṁ bhagavā avoca. Tatthetaṁ iti vuccati:

The Blessed One spoke on this matter. In this regard, it is said:

“Ye dukkhaṁ nappajānanti,
atho dukkhassa sambhavaṁ;
Yattha ca sabbaso dukkhaṁ,
asesaṁ uparujjhati;
Tañca maggaṁ na jānanti,
dukkhūpasamagāminaṁ.

“Those who do not discern suffering,
nor the coming into being of suffering;
and where suffering is ended
completely and without remainder;
and they do not know the way of practice,
that leads to the calming of suffering.

Cetovimuttihīnā te,
Atho paññāvimuttiyā;
Abhabbā te antakiriyāya,
Te ve jātijarūpagā.

Lacking in liberation of mind
and liberation by wisdom;
they are incapable of making an end,
and are headed to birth and old age.

Ye ca dukkhaṁ pajānanti,
atho dukkhassa sambhavaṁ;
Yattha ca sabbaso dukkhaṁ,
asesaṁ uparujjhati;
Tañca maggaṁ pajānanti,
dukkhūpasamagāminaṁ.

Those who discern suffering
and the coming into being of suffering;
and where suffering is ended,
completely and without remainder;
and who discern the way of practice
that leads to the calming of suffering.

Cetovimuttisampannā,
atho paññāvimuttiyā;
Bhabbā te antakiriyāya,
na te jātijarūpagā”ti.

Endowed with liberation of mind
and with liberation by wisdom;
they are capable of making an end,
and are not headed to birth and old age.”

Ayampi attho vutto bhagavatā, iti me sutanti.

This matter too was spoken by the Blessed One, as I have heard.

Qualities:

Direct knowledge

Direct knowledge

A deep, firsthand realization or knowing that arises from personal experience, not from study or conceptual understanding; it is an immediate, unmediated apprehension of truth.

Also known as: experiential understanding, direct experience
Pāli: abhiñña
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Suffering

Suffering

Unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering that is inherent in conditioned existence.

Also known as: discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentedness, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, distress, affliction
Pāli: dukkha
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Wisdom

Wisdom

Lived understanding and sound judgment that steers the mind away from suffering, distinct from mere accumulation of facts.

Also known as: (of a person) wise, astute, intelligent, learned, skilled, firm, stable, steadfast, an experiential understanding of the four noble truths
Pāli: paññā, medhā, dhīra, paṇḍita, asammūḷha
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Last updated on October 26, 2026

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