Evaṁ me sutaṁ—ekaṁ samayaṁ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṁ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme.
Thus have I heard—At one time, the Blessed One was dwelling at Sāvatthi, in Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍika’s park.
Atha kho jāṇussoṇi brāhmaṇo yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavatā saddhiṁ sammodi. Sammodanīyaṁ kathaṁ sāraṇīyaṁ vītisāretvā ekamantaṁ nisīdi. Ekamantaṁ nisinno kho jāṇussoṇi brāhmaṇo bhagavantaṁ etadavoca:
Then the brahmin Jāṇussoṇi approached the Blessed One; having drawn near, he exchanged greetings with the Blessed One. After the exchange of courteous and polite conversation, he sat down to one side. As he was sitting there, he said to the Blessed One:
“yeme, bho gotama, kulaputtā bhavantaṁ gotamaṁ uddissa saddhā agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajitā, bhavaṁ tesaṁ gotamo pubbaṅgamo, bhavaṁ tesaṁ gotamo bahukāro, bhavaṁ tesaṁ gotamo samādapetā; bhoto ca pana gotamassa sā janatā diṭṭhānugatiṁ āpajjatī”ti.
“Venerable Gotama, when sons of good families go forth from household life into homelessness out of faith in you, do they have venerable Gotama for their leader, their helper, and their guide? And do these people follow the example of venerable Gotama?”
“Evametaṁ, brāhmaṇa, evametaṁ, brāhmaṇa. Ye te, brāhmaṇa, kulaputtā mamaṁ uddissa saddhā agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajitā, ahaṁ tesaṁ pubbaṅgamo, ahaṁ tesaṁ bahukāro, ahaṁ tesaṁ samādapetā; mama ca pana sā janatā diṭṭhānugatiṁ āpajjatī”ti.
“That is so, brahmin, that is so. When sons of good families go forth from household life into homelessness out of faith in me, they have me for their leader, their helper, and their guide. And these people follow my example.”
“Durabhisambhavāni hi kho, bho gotama, araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni, dukkaraṁ pavivekaṁ, durabhiramaṁ ekatte, haranti maññe mano vanāni samādhiṁ alabhamānassa bhikkhuno”ti.
“But venerable Gotama, lodging in remote forests and woodlands is hard to endure, |seclusion::solitude [paviveka]| is difficult to practice, and it is hard to enjoy solitude. One would think the forests must rob a bhikkhu of his mind, if he has no |collectedness::stability of mind, stillness of mind, mental composure [samādhi]|.”
“Evametaṁ, brāhmaṇa, evametaṁ, brāhmaṇa. Durabhisambhavāni hi kho, brāhmaṇa, araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni, dukkaraṁ pavivekaṁ, durabhiramaṁ ekatte, haranti maññe mano vanāni samādhiṁ alabhamānassa bhikkhuno.
“That is so, brahmin, that is so. Lodging in remote forests and woodlands is hard to endure, seclusion is difficult to practice, and it is hard to enjoy solitude. One would think the forests must rob a bhikkhu of his mind, if he has no collectedness.
Mayhampi kho, brāhmaṇa, pubbeva sambodhā anabhisambuddhassa bodhisattasseva sato etadahosi: ‘durabhisambhavāni hi kho araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni, dukkaraṁ pavivekaṁ, durabhiramaṁ ekatte, haranti maññe mano vanāni samādhiṁ alabhamānassa bhikkhuno’ti.
Before my full awakening, while I was still a |bodhisatta::Buddha before his awakening, aspirant Buddha [bodhisatta]|, it occurred to me: ‘Lodging in remote forests and woodlands is hard to endure, seclusion is difficult to practice, and it is hard to enjoy solitude. One would think the forests must rob a bhikkhu of his mind, if he has no collectedness.’
Sixteen Grounds
Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, etadahosi: ‘ye kho keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā aparisuddhakāyakammantā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti, aparisuddhakāyakammantasandosahetu have te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā akusalaṁ bhayabheravaṁ avhāyanti. Na kho panāhaṁ aparisuddhakāyakammanto araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevāmi; parisuddhakāyakammantohamasmi. Ye hi vo ariyā parisuddhakāyakammantā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti tesamahaṁ aññataro’ti. Etamahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, parisuddhakāyakammataṁ attani sampassamāno bhiyyo pallomamāpādiṁ araññe vihārāya.
But then, brahmin, it occurred to me: ‘Whenever ascetics or brahmins unpurified in bodily conduct dwell in secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands, then owing to the defilement of their unpurified bodily conduct, these respected ascetics and brahmins |invoke::invite, summon [avhāyati]| unwholesome fright and dread. But I do not resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands unpurified in bodily conduct. I am purified in bodily conduct. I resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands as one of the Noble Ones with bodily conduct purified.’ Seeing in myself this purity of bodily conduct, I became even more at ease in dwelling in the forest.
Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, etadahosi: ‘ye kho keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā aparisuddhavacīkammantā …pe… aparisuddhamanokammantā …pe… aparisuddhājīvā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti, aparisuddhājīvasandosahetu have te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā akusalaṁ bhayabheravaṁ avhāyanti. Na kho panāhaṁ aparisuddhājīvo araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevāmi; parisuddhājīvohamasmi. Ye hi vo ariyā parisuddhājīvā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti tesamahaṁ aññataro’ti. Etamahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, parisuddhājīvataṁ attani sampassamāno bhiyyo pallomamāpādiṁ araññe vihārāya.
Further, brahmin, it occurred to me: ‘Whenever ascetics or brahmins unpurified in verbal conduct ... unpurified in mental conduct ... live by an impure livelihood dwell in secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands, then owing to the defilement of their impure livelihood, these respected ascetics and brahmins invoke unwholesome fright and dread. I am purified in |verbal conduct::way of speaking, communicating [vacīkammanta]| ... in |mental conduct::mode of thinking, mental action [manokammanta]| ... in livelihood. I resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands as one of the Noble Ones with verbal conduct purified ... with mental conduct purified ... with livelihood purified.’ Seeing in myself this purity of verbal conduct ... of mental conduct ... of livelihood, I became even more at ease in dwelling in the forest.
Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, etadahosi: ‘ye kho keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā abhijjhālū kāmesu tibbasārāgā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti, abhijjhālukāmesutibbasārāgasandosahetu have te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā akusalaṁ bhayabheravaṁ avhāyanti. Na kho panāhaṁ abhijjhālu kāmesu tibbasārāgo araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevāmi; anabhijjhālūhamasmi. Ye hi vo ariyā anabhijjhālū araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti, tesamahaṁ aññataro’ti. Etamahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, anabhijjhālutaṁ attani sampassamāno bhiyyo pallomamāpādiṁ araññe vihārāya.
Further, brahmin, it occurred to me: ‘Whenever ascetics or brahmins who are |with intense craving::who are greedy, covetous, yearning, desiring, mentally obsessed [abhijjhālu]| and |with intense lust::with strong desire [tibbasārāga]| for sensual pleasures dwell in secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands, then due to the defilement of that intense craving and intense lust for sensual pleasures, these respected ascetics and brahmins invoke unwholesome fright and dread. But I am not with intense craving and intense lust for sensual pleasures. I am free from craving. I resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands as one of the Noble Ones free from craving.’ Seeing in myself this freedom from craving, I became even more at ease in dwelling in the forest.
Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, etadahosi: ‘ye kho keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā byāpannacittā paduṭṭhamanasaṅkappā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti, byāpannacittapaduṭṭhamanasaṅkappasandosahetu have te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā akusalaṁ bhayabheravaṁ avhāyanti. Na kho panāhaṁ byāpannacitto paduṭṭhamanasaṅkappo araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevāmi; mettacittohamasmi. Ye hi vo ariyā mettacittā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti tesamahaṁ aññataro’ti. Etamahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, mettacittataṁ attani sampassamāno bhiyyo pallomamāpādiṁ araññe vihārāya.
Further, brahmin, it occurred to me: ‘Whenever ascetics or brahmins |with a malicious mind::evil-minded, hateful [byāpannacitta]| and harboring |evil designs::with bad purpose in mind [paduṭṭhamanasaṅkappa]| dwell in secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands, then due to the defilement of that malicious mind and harboring evil designs, these respected ascetics and brahmins invoke unwholesome fright and dread. But I do not resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands with a malicious mind and harboring evil designs. I have a |mind of loving-kindness::mind of benevolence, friendly heart [mettacitta]|. I resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands as one of the Noble Ones with a mind of loving-kindness.’ Seeing in myself this quality of a mind of loving-kindness, I became even more at ease in dwelling in the forest.
Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, etadahosi: ‘ye kho keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā thinamiddhapariyuṭṭhitā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti, thinamiddhapariyuṭṭhānasandosahetu have te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā akusalaṁ bhayabheravaṁ avhāyanti. Na kho panāhaṁ thinamiddhapariyuṭṭhito araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevāmi; vigatathinamiddhohamasmi. Ye hi vo ariyā vigatathinamiddhā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti tesamahaṁ aññataro’ti. Etamahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, vigatathinamiddhataṁ attani sampassamāno bhiyyo pallomamāpādiṁ araññe vihārāya.
Further, brahmin, it occurred to me: ‘Whenever ascetics or brahmins who are enveloped by |dullness and drowsiness::lack of mental clarity or alertness, mental sluggishness, lethargy, sleepiness lit. stiffness (of mind/body due to tiredness) [thinamiddha]| dwell in secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands, then owing to that defilement of being enveloped by dullness and drowsiness, these respected ascetics and brahmins invoke unwholesome fright and dread. But I do not resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands while enveloped by dullness and drowsiness. I am free from dullness and drowsiness. I resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands as one of the Noble Ones free from dullness and drowsiness.’ Seeing in myself this freedom from dullness and drowsiness, I became even more at ease in dwelling in the forest.
Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, etadahosi: ‘ye kho keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā uddhatā avūpasantacittā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti, uddhataavūpasantacittasandosahetu have te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā akusalaṁ bhayabheravaṁ avhāyanti. Na kho panāhaṁ uddhato avūpasantacitto araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevāmi; vūpasantacittohamasmi. Ye hi vo ariyā vūpasantacittā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti, tesamahaṁ aññataro’ti. Etamahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, vūpasantacittataṁ attani sampassamāno bhiyyo pallomamāpādiṁ araññe vihārāya.
Further, brahmin, it occurred to me: ‘Whenever ascetics or brahmins who are |restless::agitated, unbalanced, confused about what is right and wrong [uddhata]| and |with an agitated mind::with an unsettled mind [avūpasantacitta]| dwell in secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands, then owing to that defilement of being restless and with an agitated mind, these respected ascetics and brahmins invoke unwholesome fright and dread. But I do not resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands being restless and with an agitated mind. I am with a settled mind. I resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands as one of the Noble Ones with a settled mind.’ Seeing in myself this quality of a settled mind, I became even more at ease in dwelling in the forest.
Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, etadahosi: ‘ye kho keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā kaṅkhī vicikicchī araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti, kaṅkhivicikicchisandosahetu have te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā akusalaṁ bhayabheravaṁ avhāyanti. Na kho panāhaṁ kaṅkhī vicikicchī araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevāmi; tiṇṇavicikicchohamasmi. Ye hi vo ariyā tiṇṇavicikicchā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti tesamahaṁ aññataro’ti. Etamahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, tiṇṇavicikicchataṁ attani sampassamāno bhiyyo pallomamāpādiṁ araññe vihārāya.
Further, brahmin, it occurred to me: ‘Whenever ascetics or brahmins who are |doubtful::uncertain, skeptical [kaṅkhī]| and |hesitant::wavering, indecisive [vicikicchī]| dwell in secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands, then owing to that defilement of doubt and hesitancy, these respected ascetics and brahmins invoke unwholesome fright and dread. But I do not resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands being doubtful and hesitant. I have |crossed beyond doubt::transcended uncertainty [tiṇṇavicikiccha]|. I resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands as one of the Noble Ones who has crossed beyond doubt.’ Seeing in myself this quality of having crossed beyond doubt, I became even more at ease in dwelling in the forest.
Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, etadahosi: ‘ye kho keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā attukkaṁsakā paravambhī araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti, attukkaṁsanaparavambhanasandosahetu have te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā akusalaṁ bhayabheravaṁ avhāyanti. Na kho panāhaṁ attukkaṁsako paravambhī araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevāmi; anattukkaṁsako aparavambhīhamasmi. Ye hi vo ariyā anattukkaṁsakā aparavambhī araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti tesamahaṁ aññataro’ti. Etamahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, anattukkaṁsakataṁ aparavambhitaṁ attani sampassamāno bhiyyo pallomamāpādiṁ araññe vihārāya.
Further, brahmin, it occurred to me: ‘Whenever ascetics or brahmins who are |boastful::braggart, given to self-praise, overbearing [attukkaṁsaka]| and |denigrating others::disparaging others [paravambhī]| dwell in secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands, then owing to that defilement of being boastful and denigrating others, these respected ascetics and brahmins invoke unwholesome fright and dread. But I do not resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands being boastful and denigrating others. I am not boastful and do not denigrate others. I resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands as one of the Noble Ones who is not boastful and does not denigrate others.’ Seeing in myself this quality of not being boastful and not denigrating others, I became even more at ease in dwelling in the forest.
Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, etadahosi: ‘ye kho keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā chambhī bhīrukajātikā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti, chambhibhīrukajātikasandosahetu have te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā akusalaṁ bhayabheravaṁ avhāyanti. Na kho panāhaṁ chambhī bhīrukajātiko araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevāmi; vigatalomahaṁsohamasmi. Ye hi vo ariyā vigatalomahaṁsā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti tesamahaṁ aññataro’ti. Etamahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, vigatalomahaṁsataṁ attani sampassamāno bhiyyo pallomamāpādiṁ araññe vihārāya.
Further, brahmin, it occurred to me: ‘Whenever ascetics or brahmins who are |timid::easily startled, apprehensive [chambhī]| and |fearful by nature::prone to fear, cowardly [bhīrukajātika]| dwell in secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands, then owing to that defilement of being timid and fearful by nature, these respected ascetics and brahmins conjure up unwholesome fright and dread. But I do not resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands being timid and fearful by nature. I am |unperturbed by fear::without hair standing on end [vigatalomahaṁsa]|. I resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands as one of the Noble Ones unperturbed by fear.’ Seeing in myself this quality of being unperturbed by fear, I became even more at ease in dwelling in the forest.
Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, etadahosi: ‘ye kho keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā lābhasakkārasilokaṁ nikāmayamānā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti, lābhasakkārasilokanikāmanasandosahetu have te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā akusalaṁ bhayabheravaṁ avhāyanti. Na kho panāhaṁ lābhasakkārasilokaṁ nikāmayamāno araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevāmi; appicchohamasmi. Ye hi vo ariyā appicchā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti tesamahaṁ aññataro’ti. Etamahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, appicchataṁ attani sampassamāno bhiyyo pallomamāpādiṁ araññe vihārāya.
Further, brahmin, it occurred to me: ‘Whenever ascetics or brahmins desiring |acquisitions, respect, and popularity::gains or possessions, honor or reverence, and fame or praise [lābhasakkārasiloka]| dwell in secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands, then owing to that defilement of desiring acquisitions, respect, and popularity, these respected ascetics and brahmins invoke unwholesome fright and dread. But I do not resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands desiring acquisitions, respect, and popularity. I am |with few wishes::content [appicchatā]|. I resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands as one of the Noble Ones with few wishes.’ Seeing in myself this quality of being with few wishes, I became even more at ease in dwelling in the forest.
Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, etadahosi: ‘ye kho keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā kusītā hīnavīriyā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti, kusītahīnavīriyasandosahetu have te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā akusalaṁ bhayabheravaṁ avhāyanti. Na kho panāhaṁ kusīto hīnavīriyo araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevāmi; āraddhavīriyohamasmi. Ye hi vo ariyā āraddhavīriyā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti tesamahaṁ aññataro’ti. Etamahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, āraddhavīriyataṁ attani sampassamāno bhiyyo pallomamāpādiṁ araññe vihārāya.
Further, brahmin, it occurred to me: ‘Whenever ascetics or brahmins who are |with laziness::procrastinating, inactive, indolently [kusīta]| and |weak in effort::low in energy, lacking in endurance [hīnavīriya]| dwell in secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands, then owing to that defilement of being lazy and weak in effort, these respected ascetics and brahmins conjure up unwholesome fright and dread. But I do not resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands being lazy and weak in effort. I am |with energy aroused::with initiative [āraddhavīriya]|. I resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands as one of the Noble Ones with energy aroused.’ Seeing in myself this quality of being with energy aroused, I became even more at ease in dwelling in the forest.
Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, etadahosi: ‘ye kho keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā muṭṭhassatī asampajānā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti, muṭṭhassatiasampajānasandosahetu have te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā akusalaṁ bhayabheravaṁ avhāyanti. Na kho panāhaṁ muṭṭhassati asampajāno araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevāmi; upaṭṭhitassatihamasmi. Ye hi vo ariyā upaṭṭhitassatī araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti tesamahaṁ aññataro’ti. Etamahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, upaṭṭhitassatitaṁ attani sampassamāno bhiyyo pallomamāpādiṁ araññe vihārāya.
Further, brahmin, it occurred to me: ‘Whenever ascetics or brahmins who are |muddle-minded::forgetful, not mindful [muṭṭhassatī]| and |lacking clear awareness::inattentive [asampajāna]| dwell in secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands, then owing to that defilement of being muddle-minded and lacking clear awareness, these respected ascetics and brahmins conjure up unwholesome fright and dread. But I do not resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands being muddle-minded and lacking clear awareness. I am |with mindfulness established::mindful, attentive [upaṭṭhitassati]|. I resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands as one of the Noble Ones with mindfulness established.’ Seeing in myself this quality of having mindfulness established, I became even more at ease in dwelling in the forest.
Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, etadahosi: ‘ye kho keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā asamāhitā vibbhantacittā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti, asamāhitavibbhantacittasandosahetu have te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā akusalaṁ bhayabheravaṁ avhāyanti. Na kho panāhaṁ asamāhito vibbhantacitto araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevāmi; samādhisampannohamasmi. Ye hi vo ariyā samādhisampannā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti tesamahaṁ aññataro’ti. Etamahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, samādhisampadaṁ attani sampassamāno bhiyyo pallomamāpādiṁ araññe vihārāya.
Further, brahmin, it occurred to me: ‘Whenever ascetics or brahmins who are |distracted::with scattered attention, not collected, not well-composed [asamāhita]| and |with a wandering mind::with runaway thoughts, mentally out of control [vibbhantacitta]| dwell in secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands, then owing to that defilement of being distracted and with a wandering mind, these respected ascetics and brahmins conjure up unwholesome fright and dread. But I do not resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands being distracted and with a wandering mind. I am |accomplished in stability of mind::skilled in mental stillness [samādhisampanna]|. I resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands as one of the Noble Ones accomplished in stability of mind.’ Seeing in myself this accomplishment in stability of mind, I became even more at ease in dwelling in the forest.
Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, etadahosi: ‘ye kho keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā duppaññā eḷamūgā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti, duppaññaeḷamūgasandosahetu have te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā akusalaṁ bhayabheravaṁ avhāyanti. Na kho panāhaṁ duppañño eḷamūgo araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevāmi; paññāsampannohamasmi. Ye hi vo ariyā paññāsampannā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti tesamahaṁ aññataro’ti. Etamahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, paññāsampadaṁ attani sampassamāno bhiyyo pallomamāpādiṁ araññe vihārāya.
Further, brahmin, it occurred to me: ‘Whenever ascetics or brahmins who are |undiscerning::without wisdom [duppañña]| and |muddled::stupid, dull, bewildered [eḷamūga]| dwell in secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands, then owing to that defilement of being undiscerning and muddled, these respected ascetics and brahmins conjure up unwholesome fright and dread. But I do not resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands being undiscerning and muddled. I am accomplished in wisdom. I resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands as one of the Noble Ones accomplished in wisdom.’ Seeing in myself this accomplishment in wisdom, I became even more at ease in dwelling in the forest.
Soḷasapariyāyaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.
(The sixteen grounds are finished.)
Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, etadahosi: ‘yannūnāhaṁ yā tā rattiyo abhiññātā abhilakkhitā—cātuddasī pañcadasī aṭṭhamī ca pakkhassa—tathārūpāsu rattīsu yāni tāni ārāmacetiyāni vanacetiyāni rukkhacetiyāni bhiṁsanakāni salomahaṁsāni tathārūpesu senāsanesu vihareyyaṁ appeva nāmāhaṁ bhayabheravaṁ passeyyan’ti. So kho ahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, aparena samayena yā tā rattiyo abhiññātā abhilakkhitā—cātuddasī pañcadasī aṭṭhamī ca pakkhassa—tathārūpāsu rattīsu yāni tāni ārāmacetiyāni vanacetiyāni rukkhacetiyāni bhiṁsanakāni salomahaṁsāni tathārūpesu senāsanesu viharāmi. Tattha ca me, brāhmaṇa, viharato mago vā āgacchati, moro vā kaṭṭhaṁ pāteti, vāto vā paṇṇakasaṭaṁ ereti; tassa mayhaṁ brāhmaṇa etadahosi: ‘etaṁ nūna taṁ bhayabheravaṁ āgacchatī’ti. Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, etadahosi: ‘kiṁ nu kho ahaṁ aññadatthu bhayapaṭikaṅkhī viharāmi? Yannūnāhaṁ yathābhūtaṁ yathābhūtassa me taṁ bhayabheravaṁ āgacchati, tathābhūtaṁ tathābhūtova taṁ bhayabheravaṁ paṭivineyyan’ti. Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, caṅkamantassa taṁ bhayabheravaṁ āgacchati. So kho ahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, neva tāva tiṭṭhāmi na nisīdāmi na nipajjāmi, yāva caṅkamantova taṁ bhayabheravaṁ paṭivinemi. Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, ṭhitassa taṁ bhayabheravaṁ āgacchati. So kho ahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, neva tāva caṅkamāmi na nisīdāmi na nipajjāmi. Yāva ṭhitova taṁ bhayabheravaṁ paṭivinemi. Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, nisinnassa taṁ bhayabheravaṁ āgacchati. So kho ahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, neva tāva nipajjāmi na tiṭṭhāmi na caṅkamāmi, yāva nisinnova taṁ bhayabheravaṁ paṭivinemi. Tassa mayhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, nipannassa taṁ bhayabheravaṁ āgacchati. So kho ahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, neva tāva nisīdāmi na tiṭṭhāmi na caṅkamāmi, yāva nipannova taṁ bhayabheravaṁ paṭivinemi.
Then, brahmin, it occurred to me: ‘Suppose that on specially auspicious nights of the fourteenth, the fifteenth, and the eighth of the lunar fortnight, what if I were to dwell in such terrifying and hair-raising places as park shrines, forest shrines, and tree shrines? Perhaps I might encounter that fright and dread.’ So, brahmin, later on, on such specially auspicious nights as the fourteenth, fifteenth, and eighth of the lunar fortnight, I dwelled in such terrifying and hair-raising places as park shrines, forest shrines, and tree shrines. And while I was dwelling there, brahmin, a wild animal would approach, or a peacock would knock off a branch, or the wind would rustle the fallen leaves. It occurred to me: ‘Surely this is that fright and dread coming?’ Then, brahmin, it occurred to me: ‘Why do I dwell always expecting fear? What if, when that fright and dread comes upon me while I am in a particular posture, I subdue that fright and dread while remaining in that very posture?’ So, brahmin, when that fright and dread came upon me while I was walking, I did not stand still or sit down or lie down; I subdued that fright and dread while still walking. When that fright and dread came upon me while I was standing, I did not start walking or sit down or lie down; I subdued that fright and dread while still standing. When that fright and dread came upon me while I was sitting, I did not lie down or stand up or start walking; I subdued that fright and dread while still sitting. When that fright and dread came upon me while I was lying down, I did not sit up or stand up or start walking; I subdued that fright and dread while still lying down.
Santi kho pana, brāhmaṇa, eke samaṇabrāhmaṇā rattiṁyeva samānaṁ divāti sañjānanti, divāyeva samānaṁ rattīti sañjānanti. Idamahaṁ tesaṁ samaṇabrāhmaṇānaṁ sammohavihārasmiṁ vadāmi. Ahaṁ kho pana, brāhmaṇa, rattiṁyeva samānaṁ rattīti sañjānāmi, divāyeva samānaṁ divāti sañjānāmi. Yaṁ kho taṁ, brāhmaṇa, sammā vadamāno vadeyya: ‘asammohadhammo satto loke uppanno bahujanahitāya bahujanasukhāya lokānukampāya atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānan’ti, mameva taṁ sammā vadamāno vadeyya: ‘asammohadhammo satto loke uppanno bahujanahitāya bahujanasukhāya lokānukampāya atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānan’ti.
There are, brahmin, some ascetics and brahmins who perceive day when it is night, and night when it is day. I say that this is a state of |confusion::delusion, bewilderment [sammoha]| on their part. But I, brahmin, perceive night when it is night, and day when it is day. If anyone, speaking rightly, were to say: ‘A being not subject to confusion has arisen in the world for the |benefit of::good of, welfare of [hitāya]| many people, for the |ease of::comfort of, contentment of [sukhāya]| many people, out of |compassion::benevolence, concern, gentle regard [anukampā]| for the world, for the good, benefit, and ease of gods and human beings,’ he would be speaking rightly if he were speaking of me.
The Four Jhānas
Āraddhaṁ kho pana me, brāhmaṇa, vīriyaṁ ahosi asallīnaṁ, upaṭṭhitā sati asammuṭṭhā, passaddho kāyo asāraddho, samāhitaṁ cittaṁ ekaggaṁ. So kho ahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi savitakkaṁ savicāraṁ vivekajaṁ pītisukhaṁ paṭhamaṁ jhānaṁ upasampajja vihāsiṁ.
My |energy::willpower, determination [vīriya]| was aroused and relentless, brahmin, my mindfulness was established and |unmuddled::without confusion [asammuṭṭha]|, my body was tranquil and |unagitated::unaroused, unexcited, unstrained [asāraddha]|, my mind was |collected::composed, settled [samāhita]| and |unified::one-pointedness, with oneness, integrated, well-composed, concentrated [ekagga]|. Thus, brahmin, having secluded myself from sensual pleasures and |unwholesome::unhealthy, unskillful, unbeneficial, or karmically unprofitable [akusala]| mental qualities, I entered and dwelled in the first jhāna, which is |accompanied by reflection::with thinking [savitakka]| and |examination::with investigation, evaluation [savicāra]|, |born of seclusion::secluded from the defilements [vivekaja]|, and is |imbued with joyful pleasure::imbued with joy and happiness, with delight and ease, sometimes experienced as an intense joy or pleasure, rapture [pītisukha]|.
Vitakkavicārānaṁ vūpasamā ajjhattaṁ sampasādanaṁ cetaso ekodibhāvaṁ avitakkaṁ avicāraṁ samādhijaṁ pītisukhaṁ dutiyaṁ jhānaṁ upasampajja vihāsiṁ.
With the |settling::calming, conciliation, subsiding [vūpasama]| of reflection and examination, I entered and dwelled in the second jhāna, characterized by internal |tranquility::calming, settling, confidence [sampasādana]| and |unification::singleness, integration [ekodibhāva]| of mind, free from reflection and examination, |born of collectedness::born from a stable mind [samādhija]|, and imbued with joyful pleasure.
Pītiyā ca virāgā upekkhako ca vihāsiṁ, sato ca sampajāno sukhañca kāyena paṭisaṁvedesiṁ; yaṁ taṁ ariyā ācikkhanti: ‘upekkhako satimā sukhavihārī’ti tatiyaṁ jhānaṁ upasampajja vihāsiṁ.
With the fading away of joyful pleasure, I dwelled |equanimous::mental poised, mentally balanced, equanimous, non-reactive, disregarding [upekkhaka]|, |mindful and fully aware::attentive and completely comprehending [sata + sampajāna]|, experiencing |ease::comfort, contentedness, happiness, pleasure [sukha]| with the body. I entered and dwelled in the third jhāna which the Noble Ones describe as ‘one who dwells equanimous, mindful and at ease.’
Sukhassa ca pahānā dukkhassa ca pahānā pubbeva somanassadomanassānaṁ atthaṅgamā adukkhamasukhaṁ upekkhāsatipārisuddhiṁ catutthaṁ jhānaṁ upasampajja vihāsiṁ.
With the abandonment of ease and |discontentment::discomfort, unpleasantness, something unsatisfactory, stress [dukkha]|, and with the settling down of |joy and sorrow::craving and aversion, pleasure and displeasure, satisfaction and dissatisfaction, gladness and dejection, positive state of mind and negative state of mind [somanassadomanassa]|, I entered and dwelled in the fourth jhāna, which is characterized by purification of |mindfulness::full awareness and recollection of the body, feelings, mind, and mental qualities, observing them clearly with sustained attention, free from craving and distress [sati]| through |equanimity::mental poise, mental balance, equipoise, non-reactivity, composure [upekkhā]|, experiencing a feeling which is neither-painful-nor-pleasant.
The Three True Knowledges
So evaṁ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte pubbenivāsānussatiñāṇāya cittaṁ abhininnāmesiṁ. So anekavihitaṁ pubbenivāsaṁ anussarāmi, seyyathidaṁ—ekampi jātiṁ dvepi jātiyo tissopi jātiyo catassopi jātiyo pañcapi jātiyo dasapi jātiyo vīsampi jātiyo tiṁsampi jātiyo cattālīsampi jātiyo paññāsampi jātiyo jātisatampi jātisahassampi jātisatasahassampi anekepi saṁvaṭṭakappe anekepi vivaṭṭakappe anekepi saṁvaṭṭavivaṭṭakappe: ‘amutrāsiṁ evaṁnāmo evaṅgotto evaṁvaṇṇo evamāhāro evaṁsukhadukkhappaṭisaṁvedī evamāyupariyanto, so tato cuto amutra udapādiṁ; tatrāpāsiṁ evaṁnāmo evaṅgotto evaṁvaṇṇo evamāhāro evaṁsukhadukkhappaṭisaṁvedī evamāyupariyanto, so tato cuto idhūpapanno’ti. Iti sākāraṁ sauddesaṁ anekavihitaṁ pubbenivāsaṁ anussarāmi.
Thus, with my mind collected, purified, clarified, blemish-free, free from impurities, flexible, suitable for use, stable, and unshakeable, I directed my mind towards the knowledge of recalling past lives. I recollected my manifold past lives, that is, one birth, two births, three births, four, five, ten, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, a hundred births, a thousand births, a hundred thousand births, many |aeon::lifespan of a world system, a vast cosmic time span [kappa]|s of cosmic contraction, many aeons of cosmic expansion, many aeons of cosmic contraction and expansion: ‘There I was so named, of such a clan, with such an appearance, such was my food, such my experience of pleasure and pain, such my life-span; passing away from there, I was reborn elsewhere; there too I was so named, of such a clan, with such an appearance, such was my food, such my experience of pleasure and pain, such my life-span; passing away from there, I was reborn here.’ Thus I recollected my manifold past lives with their aspects and particulars.
Ayaṁ kho me, brāhmaṇa, rattiyā paṭhame yāme paṭhamā vijjā adhigatā, avijjā vihatā vijjā uppannā, tamo vihato āloko uppanno, yathā taṁ appamattassa ātāpino pahitattassa viharato.
This, brahmin, was the first |true knowledge::wisdom, the direct realization of truth [vijjā]| attained by me in the first watch of the night. |Ignorance::fundamental unawareness or misunderstanding of the true nature of reality, not experientially understanding the four noble truths [avijjā]| was dispelled, true knowledge arose; darkness was dispelled, and light arose, as happens in one who is |diligent::doing one’s work or duty well, with alertness, carefulness and care [appamatta]|, |resolute::determined, intent [pahitatta]|, and |with continuous effort::ardent, zealous, with energy, with application [ātāpī]| in practice.
So evaṁ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte sattānaṁ cutūpapātañāṇāya cittaṁ abhininnāmesiṁ. So dibbena cakkhunā visuddhena atikkantamānusakena satte passāmi cavamāne upapajjamāne hīne paṇīte suvaṇṇe dubbaṇṇe sugate duggate yathākammūpage satte pajānāmi: ‘ime vata bhonto sattā kāyaduccaritena samannāgatā vacīduccaritena samannāgatā manoduccaritena samannāgatā ariyānaṁ upavādakā micchādiṭṭhikā micchādiṭṭhikammasamādānā; te kāyassa bhedā paraṁ maraṇā apāyaṁ duggatiṁ vinipātaṁ nirayaṁ upapannā. Ime vā pana bhonto sattā kāyasucaritena samannāgatā vacīsucaritena samannāgatā manosucaritena samannāgatā ariyānaṁ anupavādakā sammādiṭṭhikā sammādiṭṭhikammasamādānā; te kāyassa bhedā paraṁ maraṇā sugatiṁ saggaṁ lokaṁ upapannā’ti. Iti dibbena cakkhunā visuddhena atikkantamānusakena satte passāmi cavamāne upapajjamāne hīne paṇīte suvaṇṇe dubbaṇṇe sugate duggate yathākammūpage satte pajānāmi.
Thus, with my mind collected, purified, clarified, blemish-free, free from impurities, flexible, suitable for use, stable, and unshakeable, I directed my mind toward the knowledge of the death and rebirth of beings. With the |divine eye::the faculty of clairvoyance, the ability to see beyond the ordinary human range [dibbacakkhu]|, which is purified and surpassing human vision, I saw beings passing away and being reborn—inferior and superior, beautiful and ugly, in fortunate and unfortunate destinations—and I understood how beings fare |according to their kamma::in line with their actions [yathākammūpaga]|: ‘These beings, who engaged in bodily, verbal, and mental misconduct, who reviled the Noble Ones, held wrong view, and undertook actions under the influence of |wrong view::a distorted perception, an untrue view, a false belief [micchādiṭṭhi]|—upon the breakup of the body, after death, have arisen in a state of loss, a bad destination, a place of ruin, even in hell. But these beings, who engaged in good bodily, verbal, and mental conduct, who did not revile the Noble Ones, held right view, and undertook actions under the influence of |right view::view that is in line with the Dhamma - teachings of the Buddha that point to the nature of reality, the ultimate truth [sammādiṭṭhi]|—upon the breakup of the body, after death, have arisen in a good destination, the heavenly world.’ Thus with the divine eye, which is purified and surpassing human vision, I saw beings passing away and reappearing—inferior and superior, beautiful and ugly, fortunate and unfortunate—and I understood how beings fare according to their kamma.
Ayaṁ kho me, brāhmaṇa, rattiyā majjhime yāme dutiyā vijjā adhigatā, avijjā vihatā vijjā uppannā, tamo vihato āloko uppanno, yathā taṁ appamattassa ātāpino pahitattassa viharato.
This, brahmin, was the second true knowledge attained by me in the middle watch of the night. Once more, ignorance was dispelled, true knowledge arose; darkness was dispelled, light arose—as happens in one who is diligent, resolute, and with continuous effort in practice.
So evaṁ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte āsavānaṁ khayañāṇāya cittaṁ abhininnāmesiṁ. So ‘idaṁ dukkhan’ti yathābhūtaṁ abbhaññāsiṁ, ‘ayaṁ dukkhasamudayo’ti yathābhūtaṁ abbhaññāsiṁ, ‘ayaṁ dukkhanirodho’ti yathābhūtaṁ abbhaññāsiṁ, ‘ayaṁ dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadā’ti yathābhūtaṁ abbhaññāsiṁ. ‘Ime āsavā’ti yathābhūtaṁ abbhaññāsiṁ, ‘ayaṁ āsavasamudayo’ti yathābhūtaṁ abbhaññāsiṁ, ‘ayaṁ āsavanirodho’ti yathābhūtaṁ abbhaññāsiṁ, ‘ayaṁ āsavanirodhagāminī paṭipadā’ti yathābhūtaṁ abbhaññāsiṁ.
Thus, with my mind collected, purified, clarified, blemish-free, free from impurities, flexible, suitable for use, stable, and unshakeable, I directed my mind towards the knowledge of eradicating the taints. I directly knew as it actually is: ‘This is |suffering::discomfort, unpleasantness, discontentment, dissatisfaction, stress, pain, disease, i.e. mild or intense suffering [dukkha]|,’ ‘This is the |arising of suffering::source of stress, appearance of discomfort [dukkhasamudaya]|,’ ‘This is the |ending of suffering::ending of discontentment, cessation of distress [dukkhanirodha]|,’ ‘This is the |way of practice leading to the ending of suffering::i.e. the Noble Eightfold Path consisting of right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right collectedness [dukkhanirodhagāmī]|.’ I directly knew as it actually is: ‘These are the |taints::mental fermentations, corruptions, outflows [āsava]|.’ I directly knew as it actually is: ‘This is the arising of taints.’ I directly knew as it actually is: ‘This is the ending of taints.’ I directly knew as it actually is: ‘This is the way of practice leading to the ending of taints.’
Tassa me evaṁ jānato evaṁ passato kāmāsavāpi cittaṁ vimuccittha, bhavāsavāpi cittaṁ vimuccittha, avijjāsavāpi cittaṁ vimuccittha. Vimuttasmiṁ vimuttamiti ñāṇaṁ ahosi.
Knowing and seeing thus, my mind was liberated from the taint of sensual desire, from the taint of being, and from the taint of ignorance. In me, liberated, there arose the knowledge of liberation:
‘Khīṇā jāti, vusitaṁ brahmacariyaṁ, kataṁ karaṇīyaṁ, nāparaṁ itthattāyā’ti abbhaññāsiṁ.
I directly knew: ‘Birth is ended, the spiritual life has been lived, what had to be done has been done, there is no more coming to any state of existence.’
Ayaṁ kho me, brāhmaṇa, rattiyā pacchime yāme tatiyā vijjā adhigatā, avijjā vihatā vijjā uppannā, tamo vihato āloko uppanno, yathā taṁ appamattassa ātāpino pahitattassa viharato.
This, brahmin, was the third true knowledge attained by me in the last watch of the night. Ignorance was dispelled, true knowledge arose; darkness was dispelled, light arose—as happens in one who is diligent, resolute, and with continuous effort in practice.
Siyā kho pana te, brāhmaṇa, evamassa: ‘ajjāpi nūna samaṇo gotamo avītarāgo avītadoso avītamoho, tasmā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevatī’ti. Na kho panetaṁ, brāhmaṇa, evaṁ daṭṭhabbaṁ. Dve kho ahaṁ, brāhmaṇa, atthavase sampassamāno araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevāmi—attano ca diṭṭhadhammasukhavihāraṁ sampassamāno, pacchimañca janataṁ anukampamāno”ti.
Perhaps, brahmin, you might think: ‘Surely the ascetic Gotama is not yet free from |passion::intense desire, strong emotion, infatuation, obsession, lust [rāga]|, not yet free from |aversion::ill will, hatred, hostility, mental attitude of rejection, fault-finding, resentful disapproval [dosa]|, not yet free from |illusion::delusion, erroneous belief, false idea, misapprehension; it fuels further confusion and doubt [moha]|, which is why he still resorts to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands.’ But it should not be seen like that, brahmin. It is seeing two benefits that I resort to secluded lodgings in remote forests and woodlands: seeing my own pleasant abiding in the here and now and having compassion for future generations.”
“Anukampitarūpā vatāyaṁ bhotā gotamena pacchimā janatā, yathā taṁ arahatā sammāsambuddhena. Abhikkantaṁ, bho gotama. Abhikkantaṁ, bho gotama. Seyyathāpi, bho gotama, nikkujjitaṁ vā ukkujjeyya, paṭicchannaṁ vā vivareyya, mūḷhassa vā maggaṁ ācikkheyya, andhakāre vā telapajjotaṁ dhāreyya: ‘cakkhumanto rūpāni dakkhantī’ti; evamevaṁ bhotā gotamena anekapariyāyena dhammo pakāsito. Esāhaṁ bhavantaṁ gotamaṁ saraṇaṁ gacchāmi dhammañca bhikkhusaṅghañca. Upāsakaṁ maṁ bhavaṁ gotamo dhāretu ajjatagge pāṇupetaṁ saraṇaṁ gatan”ti.
“It is truly out of compassion for future generations that the venerable Gotama acts, as befits an Arahant, a perfectly Awakened One. Excellent, venerable Gotama! Excellent, venerable Gotama! Just as if one might set upright what had been overturned, |reveal::uncover [vivarati]| what had been concealed, point out the way to one who was lost, or hold up a lamp in the dark so that those with eyes could see forms, in the same way, venerable Gotama, the |Dhamma::teachings of the Buddha that point to the nature of reality, the ultimate truth [dhamma]| has been |explained::illustrated [pakāsita]| by you in many ways. I go for refuge to venerable Gotama, to the Dhamma, and to the |Saṅgha::The community of monks and nuns practicing in line with the Buddha’s teachings. In the broader sense, this is the community of disciples who have realized the noble path and fruition through the Buddha’s teachings [saṅgha]| of bhikkhus. May venerable Gotama remember me as a lay follower who, from this day forward, has gone to refuge for life.”