The Word of the Buddha

Cover for The Word of the Buddha

An outline of the teaching of the Buddha in the words of the Pali canon

Ñāṇatiloka Mahāthera’s outline of the four noble truths, in the Buddha’s own words. The passages follow his book, in the translations on this site.

By Ñāṇatiloka Mahāthera

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The Word of the Buddha, compiled by Ñāṇatiloka Mahāthera, sets the teaching out in the Buddha’s own words and arranges it inside the four noble truths. The first edition appeared in German in 1906. The sections below follow the Buddhist Publication Society English edition, as one exposition aimed at deliverance from suffering.

It is a first map for someone new to the teachings, and a short summary for someone who already knows them. The passages are drawn from the five collections.

Each section below opens on its own page, in the order of the book. A citation opens that discourse at the paragraphs quoted there.

The reading opens with the threefold refuge and the five precepts.

Contents

Paragraph map

Where each discourse is quoted, with the paragraph numbers on its page. “Whole discourse” marks a citation of the discourse in full.

DiscourseParagraphsWhere it is used
KP 1whole discourseIntroduction
DN 183Right Understanding / Wrong Understanding
DN 1590–91Right Understanding / Views and Discussions about the Ego
DN 16130, 471, 193The Four Noble Truths; Right Understanding / How Right Understanding Is Known; Right Concentration / The True Goal
DN 22108–120, 121–122, 125–136, 139, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157I. The Noble Truth of Suffering; I. The Noble Truth of Suffering / The Five Groups of Existence; II. The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering / The Origin of Craving; III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering; Right Understan…
MN 27, 12, 13Right Understanding / Unwise Considerations; Right Understanding / The Six Views about the Self; Right Understanding / The Two Extremes and the Middle Doctrine; Right Understanding / Wise Considerations
MN 98Right Understanding / Understanding Merit and Demerit
MN 103–4, 6–14, 16–18, 20–22, 24–28, 30–34, 36–48, 51–62, 64–67, 69–77, 93–102, 79–81, 83–91, 104–107, 107, 112Right Mindfulness / The Four Foundations of Mindfulness; Contemplation of the Body / Mindfulness of Breathing; Contemplation of the Body / The Four Postures; Contemplation of the Body / Clear Comprehension; Contemplation of the Body / Th…
MN 1311–14Karma / Present Karma-Results
MN 204–13Right Effort / The Effort to Overcome
MN 2168Right Speech / Abstaining from Harsh Language
MN 2262, 99Right Understanding / The Two Extremes and the Middle Doctrine; Right Understanding / The Sotāpanna, or Stream-Enterer
MN 2653, 97, 52The Four Noble Truths; IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering; Right Concentration / Nibbāna; Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path / Nibbāna
MN 2744–47, 29, 30, 31, 39, 40, 41, 42–43Right Concentration / The Four Absorptions; Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path / The Arising of a Buddha; Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path / Confidence and Right Thought; Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path / Morali…
MN 286–7, 28–30, 31The Five Groups of Existence / The Group of Corporeality; The Group of Consciousness / Dependent Origination of Consciousness; Right Understanding / Dependent Origination
MN 2917Right Concentration / The True Goal; Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path / The True Goal
MN 3664IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering / Right Concentration
MN 38140–147II. The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering / Dependent Origination of All Phenomena
MN 3916–21, 36Contemplation of Mind-Objects / The Five Hindrances; Right Concentration / Nibbāna; Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path / Nibbāna
MN 4329, 41The Sotāpanna, or Stream-Enterer / How Stream-Entry View Arises; Right Concentration / The Four Absorptions
MN 4412–13, 16–17I. The Noble Truth of Suffering / The Five Groups of Existence; The Sotāpanna, or Stream-Enterer / What Personal-Existence View Is
MN 6316–18, 17Right Understanding / Unprofitable Questions
MN 6411–15, 21–23Right Understanding / The Five Fetters; Right Concentration / The Four Absorptions
MN 6810Right Concentration / The Four Absorptions
MN 7242–45, 26Right Understanding / The Two Extremes and the Middle Doctrine; Right Understanding / Free from All Theories
MN 7829–31IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering / Right Thought
MN 10848–50Right Concentration / The Four Absorptions
MN 11814–15, 22–27, 28–43, 44–46Right Mindfulness / Nibbāna through Mindfulness of Breathing; Nibbāna through Mindfulness of Breathing / Mindfulness of Breathing Completes the Four Foundations; Nibbāna through Mindfulness of Breathing / The Four Foundations Complete th…
MN 11959–61Contemplation of the Body / Benefits of Mindfulness of the Body
MN 13947–50IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering
MN 14043, 49Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path / Nibbāna; Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path / The Silent Thinker
MN 14819Right Understanding / Views and Discussions about the Ego
SN 12.15, 6Right Understanding / Dependent Origination
SN 12.154–5Right Understanding / The Two Extremes and the Middle Doctrine
SN 12.5113Right Understanding / Dependent Origination
SN 12.612, 4–5Right Understanding / The Two Extremes and the Middle Doctrine; Right Understanding / Views and Discussions about the Ego
SN 12.6621–22III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering
SN 12.6714–16The Group of Consciousness / Consciousness Depends on the Other Groups
SN 15.15The Five Groups of Existence / Saṁsāra
SN 15.32–5The Five Groups of Existence / Saṁsāra
SN 22.292–3The Five Groups of Existence / The Doctrine of Not-Self
SN 22.537The Group of Consciousness / Consciousness Depends on the Other Groups
SN 22.5612, 13, 16The Five Groups of Existence / The Group of Perception; The Five Groups of Existence / The Group of Mental Formations; The Five Groups of Existence / The Group of Consciousness
SN 22.599–19, 21–25I. The Noble Truth of Suffering / The Five Groups of Existence; The Five Groups of Existence / The Three Characteristics of Existence; Right Understanding / The Three Characteristics
SN 22.8919–20The Sotāpanna, or Stream-Enterer / The Scent of “I Am”
SN 22.943–6Right Understanding / The Three Characteristics
SN 22.952–11The Five Groups of Existence / The Doctrine of Not-Self
SN 22.993–5Karma / Inheritance of Deeds
SN 36.12The Five Groups of Existence / The Group of Feeling
SN 38.13III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / Nibbāna
SN 47.421–4Right Mindfulness / Arising and Passing Away
SN 48.538III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / The Arahant, or Holy One
SN 56.1112–13, 5, 6, 2–3, 3The Four Noble Truths; II. The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering / The Threefold Craving; III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering; IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering; Right Concentration / The Noble E…
SN 56.311–2Right Concentration / The True Goal
AN 1.268–2701–3Right Understanding / The Three Characteristics
AN 3.365–20The Five Groups of Existence / The Three Warnings
AN 3.136whole discourseI. The Noble Truth of Suffering / The Three Characteristics of Existence; Right Understanding / The Three Characteristics
AN 4.142, 3, 4, 5, 7Right Effort / The Effort to Avoid; Right Effort / The Effort to Overcome; Right Effort / The Effort to Develop; Right Effort / The Effort to Maintain
AN 5.1771IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering / Right Livelihood
AN 6.6336Karma / Karma as Volition
AN 7.151–10The Sotāpanna, or Stream-Enterer / Seven Kinds of Persons in the Water
AN 8.39whole discourseIntroduction
AN 9.362Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path / Insight
AN 10.2whole discourseThe Path as a Chain of Causes
AN 10.61whole discourseThe Path as a Chain of Causes
AN 10.7611, whole discourseThe Sotāpanna, or Stream-Enterer / The Word of Another; The Path as a Chain of Causes
AN 10.103whole discourseThe Path as a Chain of Causes
AN 11.3whole discourseThe Path as a Chain of Causes
Dhp 12712Karma / Future Karma-Results
Dhp 146-148, Dhp 153–1541–3, 8–9The Five Groups of Existence / The Doctrine of Not-Self; Right Understanding / Dependent Origination
Dhp 1879Right Understanding / The Sotāpanna, or Stream-Enterer
Dhp 273-274, Dhp 2751–2, 3IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering; Right Concentration / The Noble Eightfold Path Summed Up
Dhp 37213Right Concentration / The Four Absorptions
Ud 8.13III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / The Immutable
Ud 8.33III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / The Immutable
Snp 59219Right Understanding / Unprofitable Questions
Snp 10486III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / The Arahant, or Holy One

Discourses awaiting translation

Cited in the outline above. Where the same sentence can already be read in another discourse, that parallel is named beside it.

CitedTitleWhere the outline uses itParallel
SN 15.10A Single IndividualThe Five Groups of Existence / Saṁsāra—
AN 10.216Creepy CreaturesKarma / Inheritance of DeedsBeings as owners and heirs of their actions is also stated in MN 135.
AN 3.34SourcesKarma / Inheritance of Deeds—
SN 12.43SufferingIII. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / Dependent Extinction of All Phenomena—
SN 22.30ArisingIII. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / Dependent Extinction of All Phenomena—
AN 3.32With ĀnandaIII. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / Nibbāna—
AN 3.55ExtinguishedIII. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / NibbānaIn the 2025 edition this citation is printed as SN 3.55.
SN 5.10With VajirāIII. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / The Arahant, or Holy One—
SN 22.51The End of RelishingRight Understanding / Understanding the Five Groups—
AN 3.94SpringtimeThe Sotāpanna, or Stream-Enterer / The Noble Ones—
SN 44.4With Sāriputta and KoṭṭhitaRight Understanding / The Three Characteristics—
SN 22.85With YamakaRight Understanding / The Three CharacteristicsIn the 2025 edition this citation is printed as Sn 22.85.
SN 12.35Ignorance Is a RequirementRight Understanding / The Three Characteristics—
Thag 1144Theragāthā 1144Right Understanding / Dependent OriginationA verse of the Theragāthā.
AN 10.176With CundaRight Speech / Abstaining from False Speech; Right Speech / Abstaining from Tale-Bearing; Right Speech / Abstaining from Harsh Language; Right Speech / Abstaining from Vain Talk; IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering / Right Action—
AN 10.44At KusinārāRight Speech / How to Criticise—
DN 29An Impressive DiscourseRight Concentration / The Four Absorptions—
AN 8.81Mindfulness and Situational AwarenessRight Concentration / The Four Absorptions; The Path as a Chain of Causes—
SN 22.5Development of ImmersionRight Concentration / The Four Absorptions—
AN 5.21DisrespectThe Path as a Chain of Causes—
AN 10.62CravingThe Path as a Chain of Causes—

Other works quoted

The Visuddhimagga and the Vinaya are quoted alongside the discourses.

SourceWhere it is cited
Vism XVIIV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering / Right Understanding / The Three Characteristics
Vism 19IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering / Right Understanding / Dependent Origination
Vin, Parajika 4IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering / Right Speech / Abstaining from False Speech

Last updated on October 20, 2026