The Word of the Buddha

An outline of the teaching of the Buddha in the words of the Pali canon
Ñāṇatiloka Mahāthera’s outline of the four noble truths, in the Buddha’s own words. The passages follow his book, in the translations on this site.
By Ñāṇatiloka Mahāthera
The Word of the Buddha, compiled by Ñāṇatiloka Mahāthera, sets the teaching out in the Buddha’s own words and arranges it inside the four noble truths. The first edition appeared in German in 1906. The sections below follow the Buddhist Publication Society English edition, as one exposition aimed at deliverance from suffering.
It is a first map for someone new to the teachings, and a short summary for someone who already knows them. The passages are drawn from the five collections.
Each section below opens on its own page, in the order of the book. A citation opens that discourse at the paragraphs quoted there.
The reading opens with the threefold refuge and the five precepts.
Contents
Paragraph map
Where each discourse is quoted, with the paragraph numbers on its page. “Whole discourse” marks a citation of the discourse in full.
| Discourse | Paragraphs | Where it is used |
|---|---|---|
| KP 1 | whole discourse | Introduction |
| DN 1 | 83 | Right Understanding / Wrong Understanding |
| DN 15 | 90–91 | Right Understanding / Views and Discussions about the Ego |
| DN 16 | 130, 471, 193 | The Four Noble Truths; Right Understanding / How Right Understanding Is Known; Right Concentration / The True Goal |
| DN 22 | 108–120, 121–122, 125–136, 139, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157 | I. The Noble Truth of Suffering; I. The Noble Truth of Suffering / The Five Groups of Existence; II. The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering / The Origin of Craving; III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering; Right Understan… |
| MN 2 | 7, 12, 13 | Right Understanding / Unwise Considerations; Right Understanding / The Six Views about the Self; Right Understanding / The Two Extremes and the Middle Doctrine; Right Understanding / Wise Considerations |
| MN 9 | 8 | Right Understanding / Understanding Merit and Demerit |
| MN 10 | 3–4, 6–14, 16–18, 20–22, 24–28, 30–34, 36–48, 51–62, 64–67, 69–77, 93–102, 79–81, 83–91, 104–107, 107, 112 | Right Mindfulness / The Four Foundations of Mindfulness; Contemplation of the Body / Mindfulness of Breathing; Contemplation of the Body / The Four Postures; Contemplation of the Body / Clear Comprehension; Contemplation of the Body / Th… |
| MN 13 | 11–14 | Karma / Present Karma-Results |
| MN 20 | 4–13 | Right Effort / The Effort to Overcome |
| MN 21 | 68 | Right Speech / Abstaining from Harsh Language |
| MN 22 | 62, 99 | Right Understanding / The Two Extremes and the Middle Doctrine; Right Understanding / The Sotāpanna, or Stream-Enterer |
| MN 26 | 53, 97, 52 | The Four Noble Truths; IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering; Right Concentration / Nibbāna; Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path / Nibbāna |
| MN 27 | 44–47, 29, 30, 31, 39, 40, 41, 42–43 | Right Concentration / The Four Absorptions; Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path / The Arising of a Buddha; Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path / Confidence and Right Thought; Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path / Morali… |
| MN 28 | 6–7, 28–30, 31 | The Five Groups of Existence / The Group of Corporeality; The Group of Consciousness / Dependent Origination of Consciousness; Right Understanding / Dependent Origination |
| MN 29 | 17 | Right Concentration / The True Goal; Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path / The True Goal |
| MN 36 | 64 | IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering / Right Concentration |
| MN 38 | 140–147 | II. The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering / Dependent Origination of All Phenomena |
| MN 39 | 16–21, 36 | Contemplation of Mind-Objects / The Five Hindrances; Right Concentration / Nibbāna; Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path / Nibbāna |
| MN 43 | 29, 41 | The Sotāpanna, or Stream-Enterer / How Stream-Entry View Arises; Right Concentration / The Four Absorptions |
| MN 44 | 12–13, 16–17 | I. The Noble Truth of Suffering / The Five Groups of Existence; The Sotāpanna, or Stream-Enterer / What Personal-Existence View Is |
| MN 63 | 16–18, 17 | Right Understanding / Unprofitable Questions |
| MN 64 | 11–15, 21–23 | Right Understanding / The Five Fetters; Right Concentration / The Four Absorptions |
| MN 68 | 10 | Right Concentration / The Four Absorptions |
| MN 72 | 42–45, 26 | Right Understanding / The Two Extremes and the Middle Doctrine; Right Understanding / Free from All Theories |
| MN 78 | 29–31 | IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering / Right Thought |
| MN 108 | 48–50 | Right Concentration / The Four Absorptions |
| MN 118 | 14–15, 22–27, 28–43, 44–46 | Right Mindfulness / Nibbāna through Mindfulness of Breathing; Nibbāna through Mindfulness of Breathing / Mindfulness of Breathing Completes the Four Foundations; Nibbāna through Mindfulness of Breathing / The Four Foundations Complete th… |
| MN 119 | 59–61 | Contemplation of the Body / Benefits of Mindfulness of the Body |
| MN 139 | 47–50 | IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering |
| MN 140 | 43, 49 | Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path / Nibbāna; Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path / The Silent Thinker |
| MN 148 | 19 | Right Understanding / Views and Discussions about the Ego |
| SN 12.1 | 5, 6 | Right Understanding / Dependent Origination |
| SN 12.15 | 4–5 | Right Understanding / The Two Extremes and the Middle Doctrine |
| SN 12.51 | 13 | Right Understanding / Dependent Origination |
| SN 12.61 | 2, 4–5 | Right Understanding / The Two Extremes and the Middle Doctrine; Right Understanding / Views and Discussions about the Ego |
| SN 12.66 | 21–22 | III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering |
| SN 12.67 | 14–16 | The Group of Consciousness / Consciousness Depends on the Other Groups |
| SN 15.1 | 5 | The Five Groups of Existence / Saṁsāra |
| SN 15.3 | 2–5 | The Five Groups of Existence / Saṁsāra |
| SN 22.29 | 2–3 | The Five Groups of Existence / The Doctrine of Not-Self |
| SN 22.53 | 7 | The Group of Consciousness / Consciousness Depends on the Other Groups |
| SN 22.56 | 12, 13, 16 | The Five Groups of Existence / The Group of Perception; The Five Groups of Existence / The Group of Mental Formations; The Five Groups of Existence / The Group of Consciousness |
| SN 22.59 | 9–19, 21–25 | I. The Noble Truth of Suffering / The Five Groups of Existence; The Five Groups of Existence / The Three Characteristics of Existence; Right Understanding / The Three Characteristics |
| SN 22.89 | 19–20 | The Sotāpanna, or Stream-Enterer / The Scent of “I Am” |
| SN 22.94 | 3–6 | Right Understanding / The Three Characteristics |
| SN 22.95 | 2–11 | The Five Groups of Existence / The Doctrine of Not-Self |
| SN 22.99 | 3–5 | Karma / Inheritance of Deeds |
| SN 36.1 | 2 | The Five Groups of Existence / The Group of Feeling |
| SN 38.1 | 3 | III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / Nibbāna |
| SN 47.42 | 1–4 | Right Mindfulness / Arising and Passing Away |
| SN 48.53 | 8 | III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / The Arahant, or Holy One |
| SN 56.11 | 12–13, 5, 6, 2–3, 3 | The Four Noble Truths; II. The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering / The Threefold Craving; III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering; IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering; Right Concentration / The Noble E… |
| SN 56.31 | 1–2 | Right Concentration / The True Goal |
| AN 1.268–270 | 1–3 | Right Understanding / The Three Characteristics |
| AN 3.36 | 5–20 | The Five Groups of Existence / The Three Warnings |
| AN 3.136 | whole discourse | I. The Noble Truth of Suffering / The Three Characteristics of Existence; Right Understanding / The Three Characteristics |
| AN 4.14 | 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 | Right Effort / The Effort to Avoid; Right Effort / The Effort to Overcome; Right Effort / The Effort to Develop; Right Effort / The Effort to Maintain |
| AN 5.177 | 1 | IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering / Right Livelihood |
| AN 6.63 | 36 | Karma / Karma as Volition |
| AN 7.15 | 1–10 | The Sotāpanna, or Stream-Enterer / Seven Kinds of Persons in the Water |
| AN 8.39 | whole discourse | Introduction |
| AN 9.36 | 2 | Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path / Insight |
| AN 10.2 | whole discourse | The Path as a Chain of Causes |
| AN 10.61 | whole discourse | The Path as a Chain of Causes |
| AN 10.76 | 11, whole discourse | The Sotāpanna, or Stream-Enterer / The Word of Another; The Path as a Chain of Causes |
| AN 10.103 | whole discourse | The Path as a Chain of Causes |
| AN 11.3 | whole discourse | The Path as a Chain of Causes |
| Dhp 127 | 12 | Karma / Future Karma-Results |
| Dhp 146-148, Dhp 153–154 | 1–3, 8–9 | The Five Groups of Existence / The Doctrine of Not-Self; Right Understanding / Dependent Origination |
| Dhp 187 | 9 | Right Understanding / The Sotāpanna, or Stream-Enterer |
| Dhp 273-274, Dhp 275 | 1–2, 3 | IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering; Right Concentration / The Noble Eightfold Path Summed Up |
| Dhp 372 | 13 | Right Concentration / The Four Absorptions |
| Ud 8.1 | 3 | III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / The Immutable |
| Ud 8.3 | 3 | III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / The Immutable |
| Snp 592 | 19 | Right Understanding / Unprofitable Questions |
| Snp 1048 | 6 | III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / The Arahant, or Holy One |
Discourses awaiting translation
Cited in the outline above. Where the same sentence can already be read in another discourse, that parallel is named beside it.
| Cited | Title | Where the outline uses it | Parallel |
|---|---|---|---|
| SN 15.10 | A Single Individual | The Five Groups of Existence / Saṁsāra | — |
| AN 10.216 | Creepy Creatures | Karma / Inheritance of Deeds | Beings as owners and heirs of their actions is also stated in MN 135. |
| AN 3.34 | Sources | Karma / Inheritance of Deeds | — |
| SN 12.43 | Suffering | III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / Dependent Extinction of All Phenomena | — |
| SN 22.30 | Arising | III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / Dependent Extinction of All Phenomena | — |
| AN 3.32 | With Ānanda | III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / Nibbāna | — |
| AN 3.55 | Extinguished | III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / Nibbāna | In the 2025 edition this citation is printed as SN 3.55. |
| SN 5.10 | With Vajirā | III. The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering / The Arahant, or Holy One | — |
| SN 22.51 | The End of Relishing | Right Understanding / Understanding the Five Groups | — |
| AN 3.94 | Springtime | The Sotāpanna, or Stream-Enterer / The Noble Ones | — |
| SN 44.4 | With Sāriputta and Koṭṭhita | Right Understanding / The Three Characteristics | — |
| SN 22.85 | With Yamaka | Right Understanding / The Three Characteristics | In the 2025 edition this citation is printed as Sn 22.85. |
| SN 12.35 | Ignorance Is a Requirement | Right Understanding / The Three Characteristics | — |
| Thag 1144 | Theragāthā 1144 | Right Understanding / Dependent Origination | A verse of the Theragāthā. |
| AN 10.176 | With Cunda | Right Speech / Abstaining from False Speech; Right Speech / Abstaining from Tale-Bearing; Right Speech / Abstaining from Harsh Language; Right Speech / Abstaining from Vain Talk; IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering / Right Action | — |
| AN 10.44 | At Kusinārā | Right Speech / How to Criticise | — |
| DN 29 | An Impressive Discourse | Right Concentration / The Four Absorptions | — |
| AN 8.81 | Mindfulness and Situational Awareness | Right Concentration / The Four Absorptions; The Path as a Chain of Causes | — |
| SN 22.5 | Development of Immersion | Right Concentration / The Four Absorptions | — |
| AN 5.21 | Disrespect | The Path as a Chain of Causes | — |
| AN 10.62 | Craving | The Path as a Chain of Causes | — |
Other works quoted
The Visuddhimagga and the Vinaya are quoted alongside the discourses.
| Source | Where it is cited |
|---|---|
| Vism XVI | IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering / Right Understanding / The Three Characteristics |
| Vism 19 | IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering / Right Understanding / Dependent Origination |
| Vin, Parajika 4 | IV. The Path that Leads to the Extinction of Suffering / Right Speech / Abstaining from False Speech |
Last updated on October 20, 2026