The Buddha teaches on what has come to be, presenting an analysis of dependent origination and the causal links that give rise to suffering.

SN 12.31 What Has Come to Be

Ekaṁ samayaṁ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṁ viharati.

Tatra kho bhagavā āyasmantaṁ sāriputtaṁ āmantesi: “vuttamidaṁ, sāriputta, pārāyane ajitapañhe:

‘Ye ca saṅkhātadhammāse,
ye ca sekkhā puthū idha;
Tesaṁ me nipako iriyaṁ,
puṭṭho pabrūhi mārisā’ti.

Imassa nu kho, sāriputta, saṅkhittena bhāsitassa kathaṁ vitthārena attho daṭṭhabbo”ti?

Evaṁ vutte, āyasmā sāriputto tuṇhī ahosi.

Dutiyampi kho bhagavā āyasmantaṁ sāriputtaṁ āmantesi …pe… dutiyampi kho āyasmā sāriputto tuṇhī ahosi.

Tatiyampi kho bhagavā āyasmantaṁ sāriputtaṁ āmantesi: “vuttamidaṁ, sāriputta, pārāyane ajitapañhe:

‘Ye ca saṅkhātadhammāse,
ye ca sekkhā puthū idha;
Tesaṁ me nipako iriyaṁ,
puṭṭho pabrūhi mārisā’ti.

Imassa nu kho, sāriputta, saṅkhittena bhāsitassa kathaṁ vitthārena attho daṭṭhabbo”ti? Tatiyampi kho āyasmā sāriputto tuṇhī ahosi.

“Bhūtamidanti, sāriputta, passasī”ti?

“Bhūtamidanti, bhante, yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati. Bhūtamidanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā bhūtassa nibbidāya virāgāya nirodhāya paṭipanno hoti. Tadāhārasambhavanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati. Tadāhārasambhavanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā āhārasambhavassa nibbidāya virāgāya nirodhāya paṭipanno hoti. Tadāhāranirodhā yaṁ bhūtaṁ taṁ nirodhadhammanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati. Tadāhāranirodhā yaṁ bhūtaṁ taṁ nirodhadhammanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā nirodhadhammassa nibbidāya virāgāya nirodhāya paṭipanno hoti. Evaṁ kho, bhante, sekkho hoti.

Kathañca, bhante, saṅkhātadhammo hoti? Bhūtamidanti, bhante, yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati. Bhūtamidanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā bhūtassa nibbidā virāgā nirodhā anupādā vimutto hoti. Tadāhārasambhavanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati. Tadāhārasambhavanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā āhārasambhavassa nibbidā virāgā nirodhā anupādā vimutto hoti. Tadāhāranirodhā yaṁ bhūtaṁ taṁ nirodhadhammanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati. Tadāhāranirodhā yaṁ bhūtaṁ taṁ nirodhadhammanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā nirodhadhammassa nibbidā virāgā nirodhā anupādā vimutto hoti. Evaṁ kho, bhante, saṅkhātadhammo hoti.

Iti kho, bhante, yaṁ taṁ vuttaṁ pārāyane ajitapañhe:

‘Ye ca saṅkhātadhammāse,
ye ca sekkhā puthū idha;
Tesaṁ me nipako iriyaṁ,
puṭṭho pabrūhi mārisā’ti.

Imassa khvāhaṁ, bhante, saṅkhittena bhāsitassa evaṁ vitthārena atthaṁ ājānāmī”ti.

“Sādhu sādhu, sāriputta, bhūtamidanti, sāriputta, yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati. Bhūtamidanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā bhūtassa nibbidāya virāgāya nirodhāya paṭipanno hoti. Tadāhārasambhavanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati. Tadāhārasambhavanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā āhārasambhavassa nibbidāya virāgāya nirodhāya paṭipanno hoti. Tadāhāranirodhā yaṁ bhūtaṁ taṁ nirodhadhammanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati. Tadāhāranirodhā yaṁ bhūtaṁ taṁ nirodhadhammanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā nirodhadhammassa nibbidāya virāgāya nirodhāya paṭipanno hoti. Evaṁ kho, sāriputta, sekkho hoti.

Kathañca, sāriputta, saṅkhātadhammo hoti? Bhūtamidanti, sāriputta, yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati. Bhūtamidanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā bhūtassa nibbidā virāgā nirodhā anupādā vimutto hoti. Tadāhārasambhavanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati. Tadāhārasambhavanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā āhārasambhavassa nibbidā virāgā nirodhā anupādā vimutto hoti. Tadāhāranirodhā yaṁ bhūtaṁ taṁ nirodhadhammanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati. Tadāhāranirodhā yaṁ bhūtaṁ taṁ nirodhadhammanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññā disvā nirodhadhammassa nibbidā virāgā nirodhā anupādā vimutto hoti. Evaṁ kho, sāriputta, saṅkhātadhammo hoti. Iti kho, sāriputta, yaṁ taṁ vuttaṁ pārāyane ajitapañhe:

‘Ye ca saṅkhātadhammāse,
ye ca sekkhā puthū idha;
Tesaṁ me nipako iriyaṁ,
puṭṭho pabrūhi mārisā’ti.

Imassa kho, sāriputta, saṅkhittena bhāsitassa evaṁ vitthārena attho daṭṭhabbo”ti.

Paṭhamaṁ.

Reference Translation by Bhikkhu Sujato (CC0).

Ekaṁ samayaṁ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṁ viharati.

At one time the Buddha was staying near Sāvatthī.

Tatra kho bhagavā āyasmantaṁ sāriputtaṁ āmantesi:

Then the Buddha said to Venerable Sāriputta,

“vuttamidaṁ, sāriputta, pārāyane ajitapañhe:

“Sāriputta, this was said in ‘The Way to the Far Shore’, in ‘The Questions of Ajita’:

‘Ye ca saṅkhātadhammāse,

‘There are those who have appraised the teaching,

ye ca sekkhā puthū idha;

and many kinds of trainees here.

Tesaṁ me nipako iriyaṁ,

Now you, being alert, are asked

puṭṭho pabrūhi mārisā’ti.

to tell me their behavior, good fellow.’

Imassa nu kho, sāriputta, saṅkhittena bhāsitassa kathaṁ vitthārena attho daṭṭhabbo”ti?

How should we see the detailed meaning of this brief statement?”

Evaṁ vutte, āyasmā sāriputto tuṇhī ahosi.

When he said this, Sāriputta kept silent.

Dutiyampi kho bhagavā āyasmantaṁ sāriputtaṁ āmantesi …pe…

For a second time …

dutiyampi kho āyasmā sāriputto tuṇhī ahosi.

Tatiyampi kho bhagavā āyasmantaṁ sāriputtaṁ āmantesi:

For a third time …

“vuttamidaṁ, sāriputta, pārāyane ajitapañhe:

‘Ye ca saṅkhātadhammāse,

ye ca sekkhā puthū idha;

Tesaṁ me nipako iriyaṁ,

puṭṭho pabrūhi mārisā’ti.

Imassa nu kho, sāriputta, saṅkhittena bhāsitassa kathaṁ vitthārena attho daṭṭhabbo”ti?

Tatiyampi kho āyasmā sāriputto tuṇhī ahosi.

Sāriputta kept silent.

“Bhūtamidanti, sāriputta, passasī”ti?

“Sāriputta, do you see that this has come to be?”

“Bhūtamidanti, bhante, yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati.

“Sir, one truly sees with right wisdom that this has come to be.

Bhūtamidanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā bhūtassa nibbidāya virāgāya nirodhāya paṭipanno hoti.

Seeing this, one is practicing for disillusionment, dispassion, and cessation regarding what has come to be.

Tadāhārasambhavanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati.

One truly sees with right wisdom that it originated with that as fuel.

Tadāhārasambhavanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā āhārasambhavassa nibbidāya virāgāya nirodhāya paṭipanno hoti.

Seeing this, one is practicing for disillusionment, dispassion, and cessation regarding the fuel for its origination.

Tadāhāranirodhā yaṁ bhūtaṁ taṁ nirodhadhammanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati.

One truly sees with right wisdom that when that fuel ceases, what has come to be is liable to cease.

Tadāhāranirodhā yaṁ bhūtaṁ taṁ nirodhadhammanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā nirodhadhammassa nibbidāya virāgāya nirodhāya paṭipanno hoti.

Seeing this, one is practicing for disillusionment, dispassion, and cessation regarding what is liable to cease.

Evaṁ kho, bhante, sekkho hoti.

In this way one is a trainee.

Kathañca, bhante, saṅkhātadhammo hoti?

And how, sir, has one appraised the teaching?

Bhūtamidanti, bhante, yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati.

Sir, one truly sees with right wisdom that this has come to be.

Bhūtamidanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā bhūtassa nibbidā virāgā nirodhā anupādā vimutto hoti.

Seeing this, one is freed by not grasping through disillusionment, dispassion, and cessation regarding what has come to be.

Tadāhārasambhavanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati.

One truly sees with right wisdom that it originated with that as fuel.

Tadāhārasambhavanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā āhārasambhavassa nibbidā virāgā nirodhā anupādā vimutto hoti.

Seeing this, one is freed by not grasping through disillusionment, dispassion, and cessation regarding the fuel for its origination.

Tadāhāranirodhā yaṁ bhūtaṁ taṁ nirodhadhammanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati.

One truly sees with right wisdom that when that fuel ceases, what has come to be is liable to cease.

Tadāhāranirodhā yaṁ bhūtaṁ taṁ nirodhadhammanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā nirodhadhammassa nibbidā virāgā nirodhā anupādā vimutto hoti.

Seeing this, one is freed by not grasping through disillusionment, dispassion, and cessation regarding what is liable to cease.

Evaṁ kho, bhante, saṅkhātadhammo hoti.

In this way one has appraised the teaching.

Iti kho, bhante, yaṁ taṁ vuttaṁ pārāyane ajitapañhe:

Sir, regarding what was said in ‘The Way to the Far Shore’, in ‘The Questions of Ajita’:

‘Ye ca saṅkhātadhammāse,

‘There are those who have appraised the teaching,

ye ca sekkhā puthū idha;

and many kinds of trainees here.

Tesaṁ me nipako iriyaṁ,

Now you, being alert, are asked

puṭṭho pabrūhi mārisā’ti.

to tell me their behavior, good fellow.’

Imassa khvāhaṁ, bhante, saṅkhittena bhāsitassa evaṁ vitthārena atthaṁ ājānāmī”ti.

This is how I understand the detailed meaning of what was said in brief.”

“Sādhu sādhu, sāriputta, bhūtamidanti, sāriputta, yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati.

“Good, good, Sāriputta! (The Buddha repeated all of Sāriputta’s explanation, concluding:)

Bhūtamidanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā bhūtassa nibbidāya virāgāya nirodhāya paṭipanno hoti.

Tadāhārasambhavanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati.

Tadāhārasambhavanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā āhārasambhavassa nibbidāya virāgāya nirodhāya paṭipanno hoti.

Tadāhāranirodhā yaṁ bhūtaṁ taṁ nirodhadhammanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati.

Tadāhāranirodhā yaṁ bhūtaṁ taṁ nirodhadhammanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā nirodhadhammassa nibbidāya virāgāya nirodhāya paṭipanno hoti.

Evaṁ kho, sāriputta, sekkho hoti.

Kathañca, sāriputta, saṅkhātadhammo hoti?

Bhūtamidanti, sāriputta, yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati.

Bhūtamidanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā bhūtassa nibbidā virāgā nirodhā anupādā vimutto hoti.

Tadāhārasambhavanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati.

Tadāhārasambhavanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya disvā āhārasambhavassa nibbidā virāgā nirodhā anupādā vimutto hoti.

Tadāhāranirodhā yaṁ bhūtaṁ taṁ nirodhadhammanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññāya passati.

Tadāhāranirodhā yaṁ bhūtaṁ taṁ nirodhadhammanti yathābhūtaṁ sammappaññā disvā nirodhadhammassa nibbidā virāgā nirodhā anupādā vimutto hoti.

Evaṁ kho, sāriputta, saṅkhātadhammo hoti.

Iti kho, sāriputta, yaṁ taṁ vuttaṁ pārāyane ajitapañhe:

‘Ye ca saṅkhātadhammāse,

ye ca sekkhā puthū idha;

Tesaṁ me nipako iriyaṁ,

puṭṭho pabrūhi mārisā’ti.

Imassa kho, sāriputta, saṅkhittena bhāsitassa evaṁ vitthārena attho daṭṭhabbo”ti.

This is how to understand the detailed meaning of what was said in brief.”

Paṭhamaṁ.

Qualities:

Attachment

Attachment

A mental fastening onto people, things, views, or states as “me” or “mine,” unwilling to release them. This clinging can give a sense of security and sweetness.

Also known as: acquisition, bond, clinging, grasping, holding on, possession, entanglement, bound, connected, taking as mine
Pāli: upadhi, upādāna, sakiñcana, mamatta
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Dispassion

Dispassion

The fading of desire and attraction toward conditioned things. It arises through seeing the impermanent and unsatisfactory nature of experience. It is the natural fragrance of understanding and the forerunner of release.

Also known as: detachment, disinterest, fading of desire, disentanglement
Pāli: virāga, visaṁyutta
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Ending

Ending

The complete exhaustion and ending of craving, aversion, and delusion—the three roots of suffering. It refers to both the gradual wearing away of defilements through practice and the final cessation that constitutes Nibbāna.

Also known as: cessation, exhaustion, gradual ending, wearing away
Pāli: khaya, khīṇa, nirodha
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Free from attachment

Free from attachment

Release from grasping, not taking anything as “me” or “mine,” ceasing to appropriate or identify with people, things, views, or experiences.

Also known as: free from grasping, not appropriating, not taking as mine, without acquisitions, not clinging, not grasping, not holding onto
Pāli: nirūpadhi, nānupādāya, asita, anuggaha
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Wholesome

Wholesome

Conducive to or suggestive of good health and mental well-being.

Also known as: blameless, skillful, beneficial, good, useful, healthy, nourishing, sustaining
Pāli: kusala
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Wisdom

Wisdom

Lived understanding and sound judgment that steers the mind away from suffering, distinct from mere accumulation of facts.

Also known as: (of a person) wise, astute, intelligent, learned, skilled, firm, stable, steadfast, an experiential understanding of the four noble truths
Pāli: paññā, medhā, dhīra, paṇḍita, asammūḷha
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Last updated on July 27, 2026