The Buddha teaches on suffering with its cause, applying the analysis of the five aggregates—form, feeling, perception, choices, and consciousness—to insight and release.
Sāvatthinidānaṁ.
“Rūpaṁ, bhikkhave, dukkhaṁ. Yopi hetu yopi paccayo rūpassa uppādāya, sopi dukkho. Dukkhasambhūtaṁ, bhikkhave, rūpaṁ kuto sukhaṁ bhavissati.
Vedanā dukkhā …
saññā dukkhā …
saṅkhārā dukkhā …
viññāṇaṁ dukkhaṁ. Yopi hetu yopi paccayo viññāṇassa uppādāya, sopi dukkho. Dukkhasambhūtaṁ, bhikkhave, viññāṇaṁ kuto sukhaṁ bhavissati.
Evaṁ passaṁ …pe… nāparaṁ itthattāyā’ti pajānātī”ti.
Aṭṭhamaṁ.
Reference Translation by Bhikkhu Sujato (CC0).
Sāvatthinidānaṁ.
At Sāvatthī.
“Rūpaṁ, bhikkhave, dukkhaṁ.
“Mendicants, form is suffering.
Yopi hetu yopi paccayo rūpassa uppādāya, sopi dukkho.
The cause and reason that gives rise to form is also suffering.
Dukkhasambhūtaṁ, bhikkhave, rūpaṁ kuto sukhaṁ bhavissati.
Since form is produced by what is suffering, how could it be happiness?
Vedanā dukkhā …
Feeling is suffering …
saññā dukkhā …
Perception is suffering …
saṅkhārā dukkhā …
Choices are suffering …
viññāṇaṁ dukkhaṁ.
Consciousness is suffering.
Yopi hetu yopi paccayo viññāṇassa uppādāya, sopi dukkho.
The cause and reason that gives rise to consciousness is also suffering.
Dukkhasambhūtaṁ, bhikkhave, viññāṇaṁ kuto sukhaṁ bhavissati.
Since consciousness is produced by what is suffering, how could it be happiness?
Evaṁ passaṁ …pe…
Seeing this …
nāparaṁ itthattāyā’ti pajānātī”ti.
They understand: ‘… there is nothing further for this place.’”
Aṭṭhamaṁ.
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Last updated on July 27, 2026